Abstract
As an essential plant micronutrient, copper (Cu) is required as a component of several enzymes, but it can be highly toxic to plants when present in excess quantities. Nitrogen (N) application can help to alleviate the phytotoxic effects of heavy metals, including Cu, and different N forms significantly affect the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different N forms, i.e., ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−), on Cu detoxification in wheat seedlings. The inhibition of seedling growth under excess Cu was more obvious in wheat plants supplied with NO3− than in those supplied with NH4+. This growth inhibition was directly induced by excess Cu accumulation and reduced absorption of other mineral nutrients by the plants. Compared with seedlings treated with NO3−, those treated with NH4+ showed a decrease in Cu-induced toxicity as a result of increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves and a lower redox potential in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, treatment with NH4+ decreased the loss of mineral nutrients in wheat seedlings exposed to excess Cu. In conclusion, compared with supplying NO3−, supplying NH4+ to wheat seedlings under Cu stress improved their ability to maintain their nutritional and redox balance and increased their antioxidant capacity, thereby preventing a decline in photosynthesis. According to our results, NH4+ is more effective than NO3− in reducing Cu phytotoxicity in wheat seedlings.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Excess copper inhibited wheat seedling growth more under nitrate than ammonium.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NO3−e0
- Outcome
- inhibition of seedling growthe0
- Direction
- more obviouse0
- Comparator
- NH4+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition of seedling growth under excess Cu was more obvious in wheat plants supplied with NO3− than in those supplied with NH4+.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess copper accumulation directly induced growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- excess Cu accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This growth inhibition was directly induced by excess Cu accumulation and reduced absorption of other mineral nutrients by the plants.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced absorption of other mineral nutrients contributed to growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- reduced absorption of other mineral nutrientse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This growth inhibition was directly induced by excess Cu accumulation and reduced absorption of other mineral nutrients by the plants.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium versus nitrate produced decrease Cu-induced toxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- Cu-induced toxicitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- NO3−e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with seedlings treated with NO3−, those treated with NH4+ showed a decrease in Cu-induced toxicity as a result of increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves and a lower redox potential in the rhizosphere.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium versus nitrate produced increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacity in the leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NO3−e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with seedlings treated with NO3−, those treated with NH4+ showed a decrease in Cu-induced toxicity as a result of increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves and a lower redox potential in the rhizosphere.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium versus nitrate produced lower redox potential in the rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- redox potential in the rhizospheree0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- NO3−e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with seedlings treated with NO3−, those treated with NH4+ showed a decrease in Cu-induced toxicity as a result of increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves and a lower redox potential in the rhizosphere.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased leaf antioxidant capacity and lower rhizosphere redox potential explained reduced copper toxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- decrease in Cu-induced toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves and a lower redox potential in the rhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with seedlings treated with NO3−, those treated with NH4+ showed a decrease in Cu-induced toxicity as a result of increased antioxidant capacity in the leaves and a lower redox potential in the rhizosphere.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium reduced mineral nutrient loss under excess copper.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- loss of mineral nutrientse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, treatment with NH4+ decreased the loss of mineral nutrients in wheat seedlings exposed to excess Cu.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium prevented a decline in photosynthesis under copper stress relative to nitrate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NH4+e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- preventing a declinee0
- Comparator
- NO3−e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, compared with supplying NO3−, supplying NH4+ to wheat seedlings under Cu stress improved their ability to maintain their nutritional and redox balance and increased their antioxidant capacity, thereby preventing a decline in photosynthesis.”
The same questions in other papers
ammonium · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
ammonium · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.