Abstract
The Calbuco volcano ranks third in the specific risk classification of volcanoes in Chile and has a detailed eruption record since 1853. During 2015, Calbuco had a sub-Plinian eruption with negative impacts in Chile and Argentina, highlighting the need to determine the long-term history of its activity at a high-resolution time scale to obtain a better understanding of its eruptive frequency. We developed a continuous eruptive record of Calbuco for the 1514–2016 period by dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings at a biennium resolution using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. After comparing the chemical record of 20 elements contained in tree rings with historical eruptions, one group exhibited positive anomalies during (Pb/Sn) and immediately after (Mo/P/Zn/Cu) eruptions, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥ 3, and so were classified as chemical tracers of past eruptions (TPE). The tree-ring width chronology also exhibited significant decreases in tree growth associated with eruptions of VEI ≥ 3. According to these records, we identified 11 new eruptive events of Calbuco, extending its eruptive chronology back to the 16th century and determining a mean eruptive frequency of ~23 years. Our results show the potential to use dendrochemical analysis to infer past volcanic eruptions in Northern Patagonia. This information provides a long-term perspective for assessing eruptive history in Northern Patagonia, with implications for territorial planning.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Pb/Sn in Fitzroya tree rings showed positive anomalies during Calbuco eruptions with VEI of 3 or more.
- Taxon
- Fitzroya cupressoides
Fitzroya cupressoidese2 - Organ / stage
- tree ringse2
- Outcome
- Pb/Sne1
- Direction
- positive anomaliese1
- Qualifier
- with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥ 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“one group exhibited positive anomalies during (Pb/Sn) and immediately after (Mo/P/Zn/Cu) eruptions, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥ 3”
e2“dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mo/P/Zn/Cu in Fitzroya tree rings showed positive anomalies immediately after Calbuco eruptions with VEI of 3 or more.
- Taxon
- Fitzroya cupressoidesFitzroya cupressoidese2
- Organ / stage
- tree ringse2
- Outcome
- Mo/P/Zn/Cue1
- Direction
- positive anomaliese1
- Qualifier
- immediately aftere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“one group exhibited positive anomalies during (Pb/Sn) and immediately after (Mo/P/Zn/Cu) eruptions, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥ 3”
e2“dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings”
Claim · model-written summary
Tree-ring width of Fitzroya cupressoides showed significant decreases in growth associated with eruptions of VEI of 3 or more.
- Taxon
- Fitzroya cupressoidesFitzroya cupressoidese2
- Treatment
- eruptions of VEI ≥ 3e4
- Outcome
- tree growthe4
- Direction
- decreasese4
- Qualifier
- associated with eruptions of VEI ≥ 3e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings”
e4“The tree-ring width chronology also exhibited significant decreases in tree growth associated with eruptions of VEI ≥ 3”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven new eruptive events of Calbuco were identified from the tree-ring records.
- Taxon
- Fitzroya cupressoidesFitzroya cupressoidese2
- Outcome
- new eruptive events of Calbucoe5
- Value
- 11e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings”
e5“we identified 11 new eruptive events of Calbuco”
Claim · model-written summary
Calbuco had a mean eruptive frequency of about 23 years.
- Taxon
- Fitzroya cupressoidesFitzroya cupressoidese2
- Outcome
- mean eruptive frequencye6
- Value
- ~23 yearse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings”
e6“determining a mean eruptive frequency of ~23 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya tree rings shows potential to infer past volcanic eruptions, based on comparison with historical eruptions.
- Taxon
- Fitzroya cupressoidesFitzroya cupressoidese2
- Outcome
- infer past volcanic eruptionse7
- Comparator
- historical eruptionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“dendrochemical analysis of Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings”
e7“Our results show the potential to use dendrochemical analysis to infer past volcanic eruptions in Northern Patagonia”
e0“After comparing the chemical record of 20 elements contained in tree rings with historical eruptions”