Abstract
Fruit-wheat intercropping is an important way to resolve the land competition between fruit and grain and ensure food security. However, there is little research on the mechanism of wheat yield formation and its response to nitrogen fertilizer under long-term shading. From 2016 to 2017, wheat variety “Xindong 20” was selected, and four shading treatments were set: shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1), 20%–50% (S2), 30%–75% (S3), normal light (S0) and four nitrogen fertilizer (N0: 0 kg ha−1, N1: 103.5 kg ha−1, N2: 138 kg ha−1, N3: 172.5 kg ha−1). The results show that compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively, and they decrease significantly under S2 and S3. With the increase in the shading range, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), and non-photochemical quentum coefficient (NPQ) decrease significantly, while the actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) increase significantly. Under S1, S2, and S3, the total dry matter accumulation (TDA), the dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs (DAR), and the yield decrease with the increase in shading range. Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%. Therefore, under jujube-wheat intercropping, and apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat with light shade in the early stage, photosynthetic capacity of wheat leaves and dry matter accumulation and transfer to grains can be regulated by proper nitrogen application, which is beneficial to compensate for the negative effects of insufficient light on wheat yield; under moderate or excessive shading conditions (apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat in full fruit period), the regulating effect of nitrogen application on wheat is reduced, and the nitrogen application should be moderately reduced.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1 shading, wheat leaf area index increased by 14.9–57.4% compared with normal light.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1)e0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 14.9–57.4%e1
- Comparator
- normal light (S0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading treatments were set: shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1), 20%–50% (S2), 30%–75% (S3), normal light (S0)”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1 shading, wheat chlorophyll a content increased by 2.9–24.5% compared with normal light.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 2.9–24.5%e1
- Comparator
- normal light (S0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading treatments were set: shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1), 20%–50% (S2), 30%–75% (S3), normal light (S0)”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1 shading, wheat chlorophyll b content increased by 16.5–28.9% compared with normal light.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b and a + b contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 16.5–28.9%e1
- Comparator
- normal light (S0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading treatments were set: shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1), 20%–50% (S2), 30%–75% (S3), normal light (S0)”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1 shading, wheat chlorophyll a + b content increased by 7.8–25.5% compared with normal light.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1)e0
- Outcome
- a + b contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 7.8–25.5%e1
- Comparator
- normal light (S0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading treatments were set: shading at jointing stage 10%-shading at heading stage 25% (S1), 20%–50% (S2), 30%–75% (S3), normal light (S0)”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing shading range decreased total dry matter accumulation, reproductive dry matter accumulation and yield of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increase in shading rangee2
- Outcome
- the total dry matter accumulation (TDA), the dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs (DAR), and the yielde2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Under S1, S2, and S3, the total dry matter accumulation (TDA), the dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs (DAR), and the yield decrease with the increase in shading range”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing shading range decreased net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increase in the shading rangee3
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs)e3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“With the increase in the shading range, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), and non-photochemical quentum coefficient (NPQ) decrease significantly”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing shading range decreased non-photochemical quenching coefficient of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increase in the shading rangee3
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quentum coefficient (NPQ)e3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“With the increase in the shading range, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), and non-photochemical quentum coefficient (NPQ) decrease significantly”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing shading range increased the actual photochemical efficiency and photochemical quenching coefficient of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increase in the shading rangee3
- Outcome
- the actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP)e4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) increase significantly”
e3“With the increase in the shading range, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), and non-photochemical quentum coefficient (NPQ) decrease significantly”
e1“compared with S0, wheat leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a, b and a + b content under S1 increase by 14.9–57.4%, 2.9–24.5%, 16.5–28.9%, 7.8–25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat leaf area index by 4.1–366.9% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- LAIe5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 4.1–366.9%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat chlorophyll content by 5.7–56.3% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 5.7–56.3%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat net photosynthesis rate by 3.0–131.7% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- Pne5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 3.0–131.7%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat actual photochemical efficiency by 6.7–87.5% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- ΦPSIIe5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 6.7–87.5%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat photochemical quenching coefficient by 3.7–96.9% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- qPe5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 3.7–96.9%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat total dry matter accumulation by 7.1–340.8% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- TDAe5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 7.1–340.8%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs by 0.3–323.0% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- DARe5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 0.3–323.0%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S0 and S1, N2 treatment increased wheat yield by 1.5–231.2% compared with other nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 1.5–231.2%e5
- Qualifier
- Under the S0 and S1 conditionse5
- Comparator
- other nitrogen treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Under the S0 and S1 conditions, compared with other nitrogen treatments, LAI, chlorophyll content, Pn, ΦPSII, qP, TDA, DAR, and yield of wheat under N2 treatment increase by 4.1–366.9%, 5.7–56.3%, 3.0–131.7%, 6.7–87.5%, 3.7–96.9%, 7.1–340.8%, 0.3–323.0%, 1.5–231.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under moderate or excessive shading, the regulating effect of nitrogen application on wheat is reduced and nitrogen application should be moderately reduced.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- moderate or excessive shadinge7
- Outcome
- nitrogen applicatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“under moderate or excessive shading conditions (apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat in full fruit period), the regulating effect of nitrogen application on wheat is reduced, and the nitrogen application should be moderately reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Under light shade in the early stage, proper nitrogen application can regulate wheat photosynthetic capacity and dry matter transfer and compensate for the negative effect of insufficient light on wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- proper nitrogen applicatione6
- Outcome
- wheat yielde6
- Qualifier
- with light shade in the early stagee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“under jujube-wheat intercropping, and apricot-wheat and walnut-wheat with light shade in the early stage, photosynthetic capacity of wheat leaves and dry matter accumulation and transfer to grains can be regulated by proper nitrogen application, which is beneficial to compensate for the negative effects of insufficient light on wheat yield”
The same questions in other papers
shade · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
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See all 69 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.