Abstract
The Plantarray 3.0 phenotyping platform ® was used to monitor the growth and water use of the quinoa varieties Pasto and selRiobamba under salinity (0–300 mM NaCl). Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively. Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity, but at 200 mM NaCl Pasto showed a lower reduction (15%) than selRiobamba (35%), along with decreased specific leaf area. Diurnal changes in water use parameters indicate that under salt stress, daily transpiration in quinoa is less responsive to changes in light irradiance, and stomatal conductance is modulated to maximize CO 2 uptake and minimize water loss following the changes in VPD (vapor pressure deficit). These changes might contribute to the enhanced water use efficiency of both varieties under salt stress. The mechanistic crop model LINTUL was used to integrate physiological responses into the radiation use efficiency of the plants (RUE), which was more reduced in Pasto than selRiobamba under salinity. By the end of the experiment (eleven weeks after sowing, six weeks after stress), the growth of Pasto was significantly lower than selRiobamba, fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively. We argue that contrasting water management strategies can at least partly explain the differences in salt tolerance between Pasto and selRiobamba. Pasto adopted a “conservative-growth” strategy, saving water at the expense of growth, while selRiobamba used an “acquisitive-growth” strategy, maximizing growth in spite of the stress. The implementation of high-resolution phenotyping could help to dissect these complex growth traits that might be novel breeding targets for abiotic stress tolerance.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl cumulative transpiration of both varieties fell by 60%.
- Taxon
- Quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Material
- both varietiese0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- cumulative transpiratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 300 mM NaCl cumulative transpiration of selRiobamba fell by 75%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- selRiobambae0
- Treatment
- 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- cumulative transpiratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 75e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 300 mM NaCl cumulative transpiration of Pasto fell by 82%.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pastoe0
- Treatment
- 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- cumulative transpiratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl stomatal conductance fell 15% in Pasto.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pastoe0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- selRiobambae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“at 200 mM NaCl Pasto showed a lower reduction (15%) than selRiobamba (35%)”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl stomatal conductance fell 35% in selRiobamba.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- selRiobambae0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- Pastoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“at 200 mM NaCl Pasto showed a lower reduction (15%) than selRiobamba (35%)”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area decreased with salinity.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“along with decreased specific leaf area”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress made daily transpiration less responsive to irradiance.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- daily transpiratione0
- Direction
- less responsivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“under salt stress, daily transpiration in quinoa is less responsive to changes in light irradiance”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance followed vapor pressure deficit changes in a way interpreted to maximize carbon uptake and minimize water loss.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Qualifier
- following the changes in VPD (vapor pressure deficit)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“stomatal conductance is modulated to maximize CO 2 uptake and minimize water loss following the changes in VPD (vapor pressure deficit)”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation use efficiency declined more in Pasto than selRiobamba under salinity.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pastoe0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- radiation use efficiencye0
- Direction
- more reducede0
- Comparator
- selRiobambae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“radiation use efficiency of the plants (RUE), which was more reduced in Pasto than selRiobamba under salinity”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the end of the experiment Pasto growth was significantly lower than selRiobamba growth.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pastoe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- selRiobambae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“the growth of Pasto was significantly lower than selRiobamba”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl fresh biomass declined 50% in Pasto.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pastoe3
- Treatment
- 200 mMe0
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl fresh biomass declined 35% in selRiobamba.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- selRiobambae3
- Treatment
- 200 mMe0
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 300 mM NaCl fresh biomass declined 70% in Pasto.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pastoe0
- Treatment
- 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse3
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 70e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 300 mM NaCl fresh biomass declined 50% in selRiobamba.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- selRiobambae0
- Treatment
- 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse3
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quinoa”
e0“70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively”
e1“Salinity reduced the cumulative transpiration of both varieties by 60% at 200 mM NaCl and by 75 and 82% at 300 mM NaCl for selRiobamba and Pasto, respectively.”
e2“Stomatal conductance was reduced by salinity”
e3“fresh biomass was 50 and 35% reduced at 200 mM and 70 and 50% reduced at 300 mM NaCl for Pasto and selRiobamba, respectively.”
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