Abstract
Flavonoids play a key role in the regulation of plant–plant and plant–microbe interactions, and factors determining their release have been investigated in most of the common forage legumes. However, little is known about the response of flavonoid production and release to co-cultivation with other crop species. This study investigated alterations in the concentration of flavonoids in plant tissues and root exudates in four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)] co-cultivated with durum wheat [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.]. For this purpose, we carried out two experiments in a greenhouse, one with glass beads as growth media for root exudate extraction and one with soil as growth media for flavonoid detection in shoot and root biomass, using LC–MS/MS analysis. This study revealed that interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture. In contrast, the concentration of flavonoids significantly increased both in legume biomass and in root exudates. Changes in flavonoid concentration involved daidzein, genistein, medicarpin, and formononetin, which have been found to be involved in legume nodulation and regulation of plant–plant interaction. We hypothesize that legumes responded to the co-cultivation with wheat by promoting nodulation and increasing exudation of allelopathic compounds, respectively, to compensate for the lack of nutrients caused by the presence of wheat in the cultivation system and to reduce the competitiveness of neighboring plants. Future studies should elucidate the bioactivity of flavonoid compounds in cereal-legume co-cultivation systems and their specific role in the nodulation process and inter-specific plant interactions such as potential effects on weeds.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Co-cultivation with wheat significantly reduced shoot and root biomass of alfalfa relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- interspecific competition with wheate0
- Interactor
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0weed - Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- the same legume species grown in monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture”
t0“four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-cultivation with wheat significantly reduced shoot and root biomass of black medic relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- black medict0
- Treatment
- interspecific competition with wheate0
- Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivume0weed
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- the same legume species grown in monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture”
t0“four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-cultivation with wheat significantly reduced shoot and root biomass of crimson clover relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- crimson clovert0
- Treatment
- interspecific competition with wheate0
- Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivume0weed
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- the same legume species grown in monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture”
t0“four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-cultivation with wheat significantly reduced shoot and root biomass of subterranean clover relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover
Trifolium subterraneumt0 - Treatment
- interspecific competition with wheate0
- Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivume0weed
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- the same legume species grown in monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interspecific competition with wheat negatively affected legume growth and led to a significant reduction in shoot and root biomass compared with the same legume species grown in monoculture”
t0“four legumes [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)]”
The same questions in other papers
Triticum aestivum · growth · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
competition · growth · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.