Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus- galli L.) are annual plants and belong to Gramineae. Barnyardgrass is the most important weeds of rice paddies in Iran and the world. In this study, the effects of barnyardgrass allelopathy on anatomical characteristics of rice (Tarommahalli) at flowering and grain-ripening stages were investigated. Experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of aqueous extracts obtained from root and shoot of barnyardgrass at 50% and 100% concentrations on anatomy traits of rice. The results of treatments with aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentration at both flowering and grain ripening stages showed an increase in number and size of silica grains on epidermal cells of stem and lower layer of leaf and well as increased size of stomata files. The cross-section of the rice stem showed that the number and size of silica knobs on its surface and also size of vascular bundles have increased. Rice treated with aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrass indicated that as silica on the leaf and stem of rice increased, stem elongation was augmented and production yield also increased. Moreover, the treatment caused resistance to stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and stem strength against lodging (stem stooping by wind and rain) occurred. The results revealed that the aqueous root extracts from barnyardgrass had positive effects on number and size of silica grains and silica knobs of leaf and stem which resulted in higher resistance and strength of rice stems leading to higher production yields of rice.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass root extract at 100% increased number and size of silica grains in rice stem and leaf epidermis.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Tarommahallie0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentratione1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie1weed - Outcome
- number and size of silica grainse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Tarommahalli)”
e1“aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentration at both flowering and grain ripening stages showed an increase in number and size of silica grains on epidermal cells of stem and lower layer of leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
The same extract increased size of stomata files.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentratione1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Outcome
- size of stomata filese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (Tarommahalli)”
e1“aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentration at both flowering and grain ripening stages showed an increase in number and size of silica grains on epidermal cells of stem and lower layer of leaf and well as increased size of stomata files”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice stem silica knobs increased in number and size.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentratione1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Outcome
- number and size of silica knobse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice stem showed that the number and size of silica knobs on its surface and also size of vascular bundles have increased”
e1“aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice stem vascular bundles increased in size.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentratione1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Outcome
- size of vascular bundlese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice stem showed that the number and size of silica knobs on its surface and also size of vascular bundles have increased”
e1“aqueous extracts of root of barnyardgrass at 100% concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass root extract increased rice stem elongation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrasse0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice treated with aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrass indicated that as silica on the leaf and stem of rice increased, stem elongation was augmented”
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass root extract increased rice production yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrasse0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- production yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice treated with aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrass indicated that as silica on the leaf and stem of rice increased, stem elongation was augmented and production yield also increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment caused resistance to stem borer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrasse2
- Interactor
- stem borer (Chilo suppressalis)
.jpg?width=60)
Chilo suppressalise1pest - Second interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie2weed
- Outcome
- resistance to stem borere1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the aqueous root extracts from barnyardgrass had positive effects on number and size of silica grains and silica knobs of leaf and stem which resulted in higher resistance and strength of rice stems leading to higher production yields of rice.”
e1“treatment caused resistance to stem borer (Chilo suppressalis)”
e2“aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased rice stem strength against lodging.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrasse2
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie2weed
- Outcome
- stem strength against lodginge1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the aqueous root extracts from barnyardgrass had positive effects on number and size of silica grains and silica knobs of leaf and stem which resulted in higher resistance and strength of rice stems leading to higher production yields of rice.”
e1“stem strength against lodging (stem stooping by wind and rain) occurred”
e2“aqueous extracts of root from barnyardgrass”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.