Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks can mediate aboveground plant-herbivore interactions by impacting plant chemistry. Given that soil legacies and agricultural practices are closely tied, a better understanding of soil legacy cascades and their application in pest management are needed. We tested how cover crop legacies alter resistance to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize (Zea mays L., Poales: Poaceae). We compared herbivore performance and behavior of fall armyworm larvae on maize grown after four cover crop treatments: a leguminous mycorrhizal cover crop (pea: Pisum sativum L., Fabales: Fabaceae), a nonleguminous mycorrhizal cover crop (triticale: x Triticosecale Wittm. Ex A. Camus, Poales: Poaceae), a nonleguminous nonmycorrhizal cover crop (radish: Raphanus sativus L., Brassicales: Brassicaceae), and no cover crops (fallow). Soil inorganic N was highest in pea treatments and lowest in triticale treatments, while maize AMF colonization was greatest when grown after mycorrhizal cover crops compared to nonmycorrhizal or no cover crops. Cover crop legacies altered the emission of maize volatiles and fall armyworm larvae oriented toward odors emitted by maize grown after radish more frequently than triticale in olfactometer assays. Additionally, larvae performed better and consumed more leaf tissue when feeding on maize grown after radish and poorest on plants grown after triticale. When damaged by fall armyworm, maize grown after triticale expressed higher levels of lipoxygenase-3 (lox3), while plants grown after radish upregulated maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene expression. Our results highlight the importance of appropriate cover crop selection and suggest that triticale could strengthen maize resistance to fall armyworm.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inorganic N was highest in pea cover crop treatments.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays L.”
e1“Soil inorganic N was highest in pea treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inorganic N was lowest in triticale cover crop treatments.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize (Zea mays L.”
e1“Soil inorganic N was highest in pea treatments and lowest in triticale treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize AMF colonization was greatest after mycorrhizal cover crops compared with nonmycorrhizal or no cover crops.
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal cover cropse1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Comparator
- nonmycorrhizal or no cover cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“maize AMF colonization was greatest when grown after mycorrhizal cover crops compared to nonmycorrhizal or no cover crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop legacies altered the emission of maize volatiles.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cover crop legacies altered the emission of maize volatiles”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm larvae oriented more frequently toward odors of maize grown after radish than after triticale in olfactometer assays.
- Treatment
- maize grown after radishe1
- Interactor
- fall armyworm
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae1pest - Outcome
- larvae oriented toward odorse1
- Direction
- more frequentlye1
- Comparator
- triticalee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“fall armyworm larvae oriented toward odors emitted by maize grown after radish more frequently than triticale in olfactometer assays”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm larvae performed better and consumed more leaf tissue on maize grown after radish.
- Treatment
- maize grown after radishe1
- Outcome
- larvae performed better and consumed more leaf tissuee1
- Direction
- bettere1
Not reportedInteractorInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“larvae performed better and consumed more leaf tissue when feeding on maize grown after radish and poorest on plants grown after triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm larvae performed poorest on maize grown after triticale.
Not reportedInteractorInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“larvae performed better and consumed more leaf tissue when feeding on maize grown after radish and poorest on plants grown after triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
When damaged by fall armyworm, maize grown after triticale expressed higher levels of lipoxygenase-3 (lox3).
- Treatment
- maize grown after triticalee1
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae1pest
- Gene
- lipoxygenase-3 (lox3)e1
- Outcome
- levels of lipoxygenase-3 (lox3)e1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“When damaged by fall armyworm, maize grown after triticale expressed higher levels of lipoxygenase-3 (lox3)”
Claim · model-written summary
When damaged by fall armyworm, maize grown after radish upregulated maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene expression.
- Treatment
- plants grown after radishe1
- Interactor
- fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperdae2pest
- Gene
- maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi)e1
- Outcome
- maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene expressione1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while plants grown after radish upregulated maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene expression”
e2“When damaged by fall armyworm”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that triticale as a cover crop could strengthen maize resistance to fall armyworm.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“suggest that triticale could strengthen maize resistance to fall armyworm”
The same questions in other papers
cover crop · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →mycorrhiza · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
48 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.