Abstract
Cadmium(Cd) pollution is one of the most extensive and harmful environmental problems worldwide.Recently,coastal water pollution by Cd and other heavy metals have been becoming more serious because of continuous economic development,including mining,urban traffic,burning of fossil fuels,and production of phosphate fertilizers.Calcium(Ca) is an essential macroelement that plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development.Moreover,Ca has been shown to alleviate heavy metal toxicity in many plants.Allium cepa is well known and commonly used in many laboratories primarily due to its many advantages,such as low cost,short test time,ease of storage and handling,large number of roots,and large cells with excellent chromosome conditions.In the present study,this plant was chosen as the experimental material to investigate whether the application of exogenous Ca can enhance the tolerance of A.cepa var.agrogarum L.to Cd stress(10,100 |xmol/L and 300 μmol/L).In addition,the effects of various concentrations of exogenous Ca application(0,0.1,1,and 10 mmol/L) on the vegetative growth,photosynthesis characteristics,Cd accumulation,and nutrient minerals of A.cepa var.agrogarum L.under various concentrations of Cd stress(10 μmol/L to300 ujnol/L) were analyzed.This study showed the following results;(1) Excess Cd significantly inhibited the growth of A.cepa var.agrogarum L.,resulting in changes in morphological characteristics,such as stunted and bent root tips and darkened green leaves,whereas exogenous Ca significantly decreased the negative effects of Cd and alleviated growth inhibition in A.cepa var.agrogarwn L.(2) Cd treatment greatly increased the chlorophyll contents and significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,and transpiration rate,whereas exogenous application of Ca markedly alleviated the increase in photosynthetic pigments and significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,and transpiration rate.(3) Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation,resulting in serious nutrient imbalance,such as the significant inhibition of absorption of Mg(Magnesium) and Mn(Manganese) in roots and Ca,Mg,Mn,and Zn(Zinc) in leaves and a massive accumulation of Ca,Fe(Iron) and Zn in roots and Fe in leaves,whereas the exogenous addition of Ca significantly decreased Cd accumulation and effectively reversed the Cd-induced imbalance of nutrients in A.cepa var.agrogarum L.Therefore,supplementing exogenous Ca with an optimal concentration can effectively relieve the phytotoxicity of Cd stress to A.cepa var.agrogarum L.by decreasing excessive Cd accumulation,maintaining high levels of photosynthesis characteristics,and maintaining the balance of water content,photosynthetic pigments,and nutrient elements,among others.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Excess cadmium inhibited growth and altered root tips and leaf color.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- Excess Cde0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess Cd significantly inhibited the growth of A.cepa var.agrogarum L.,resulting in changes in morphological characteristics,such as stunted and bent root tips and darkened green leaves”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium alleviated cadmium induced growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- exogenous Cae0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Ca significantly decreased the negative effects of Cd and alleviated growth inhibition in A.cepa var.agrogarwn L.”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd treatment greatly increased the chlorophyll contents”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium decreased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,and transpiration rate”
e1“Cd treatment greatly increased the chlorophyll contents and significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,and transpiration rate”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium alleviated the cadmium associated rise in photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of Cae0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of Ca markedly alleviated the increase in photosynthetic pigments”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium increased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,and transpiration rate”
e1“exogenous application of Ca markedly alleviated the increase in photosynthetic pigments and significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,and transpiration rate”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased cadmium accumulation.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- substantiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium inhibited root absorption of magnesium and manganese.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant inhibition of absorption of Mg(Magnesium) and Mn(Manganese) in roots”
e1“Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation,resulting in serious nutrient imbalance,such as the significant inhibition of absorption of Mg(Magnesium) and Mn(Manganese) in roots”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium inhibited leaf absorption of calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca,Mg,Mn,and Zn(Zinc) in leaves”
e1“Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation,resulting in serious nutrient imbalance,such as the significant inhibition of absorption of Mg(Magnesium) and Mn(Manganese) in roots and Ca,Mg,Mn,and Zn(Zinc) in leaves”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium led to accumulation of calcium, iron and zinc in roots.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a massive accumulation of Ca,Fe(Iron) and Zn in roots”
e1“Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation,resulting in serious nutrient imbalance,such as the significant inhibition of absorption of Mg(Magnesium) and Mn(Manganese) in roots and Ca,Mg,Mn,and Zn(Zinc) in leaves and a massive accumulation of Ca,Fe(Iron) and Zn in roots”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium led to iron accumulation in leaves.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and Fe in leaves,whereas the exogenous addition of Ca significantly decreased Cd accumulation”
e1“Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation,resulting in serious nutrient imbalance,such as the significant inhibition of absorption of Mg(Magnesium) and Mn(Manganese) in roots and Ca,Mg,Mn,and Zn(Zinc) in leaves and a massive accumulation of Ca,Fe(Iron) and Zn in roots and Fe in leaves”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium decreased cadmium accumulation.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- exogenous addition of Cae0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous addition of Ca significantly decreased Cd accumulation”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium reversed cadmium induced nutrient imbalance.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- exogenous addition of Cae0
- Outcome
- Cd-induced imbalance of nutrientse0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous addition of Ca significantly decreased Cd accumulation and effectively reversed the Cd-induced imbalance of nutrients in A.cepa var.agrogarum L.”
t0“Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.