Abstract
Abstract Optimum herbicide use is a key factor affecting the success of any integrated weed management strategy. The main objective of the current study was to implement a method based on spectrometer measurements for the in situ evaluation of herbicide efficacy and the detection of potentially herbicide-resistant weeds. Field trials were conducted in Greece between 2018 and 2020 in several durum wheat fields ( Triticum durum Desf.). In all trials, the overall effect of herbicide application on the recorded Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values (at 1 and 2 wk after treatment [WAT]) was significant (P ≤ 0.001). For the majority of the surveyed fields, low NDVI values were recorded after 2,4-D application and a mixture of clopyralid + florasulam from 1 WAT, suggesting their increased efficacy. In several cases, the application of pyroxsulam + florasulam resulted in significant NDVI reductions at 2 WAT. As observed at the end of the growing seasons, the herbicides that reduced NDVI resulted in lower weed biomass. Strong correlations were observed between weed aboveground biomass and NDVI (2 WAT). In particular, R 2 values were 0.8234 to 0.8649, 0.8453, 0.8595, 0.8149, and 0.8925 for the Aliartos, Thiva, Domokos, Larissa, and Orestiada fields, respectively. The overall effects of herbicide application on wheat grain yield were also significant (P ≤ 0.001). Pot experiments confirmed that the high NDVI values in some cases could be attributed to the presence of herbicide-resistant weeds. For instance, the resistance indices of two accessions of catchweed bedstraw ( Galium aparine L.) to mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium ranged between 9.7 and 13.2, whereas one sterile oat [ Avena sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne] accession was 8.8 times more resistant to fenoxaprop- p -ethyl than a susceptible one. The present study is targeted at making a significant contribution toward establishing cause–effect relationships and presenting a useful tool for developing more effective weed management practices in more arable crops and under different soil and climatic conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide application significantly affected NDVI in durum wheat fields at one and two weeks.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) valuese0
- Qualifier
- at 1 and 2 wk after treatment [WAT]e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all trials, the overall effect of herbicide application on the recorded Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values (at 1 and 2 wk after treatment [WAT]) was significant (P ≤ 0.001).”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D application produced low NDVI values from one week after treatment in most fields.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applicatione0
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- from 1 WATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the majority of the surveyed fields, low NDVI values were recorded after 2,4-D application and a mixture of clopyralid + florasulam from 1 WAT, suggesting their increased efficacy.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
a mixture of clopyralid + florasulam produced low NDVI values from one week after treatment in most fields.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- a mixture of clopyralid + florasulame0
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- from 1 WATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the majority of the surveyed fields, low NDVI values were recorded after 2,4-D application and a mixture of clopyralid + florasulam from 1 WAT, suggesting their increased efficacy.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxsulam plus florasulam significantly reduced NDVI at two weeks in several cases.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- application of pyroxsulam + florasulame0
- Outcome
- NDVIe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- at 2 WATe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In several cases, the application of pyroxsulam + florasulam resulted in significant NDVI reductions at 2 WAT.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides that reduced NDVI resulted in lower weed biomass at season end.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- herbicides that reduced NDVIe0
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As observed at the end of the growing seasons, the herbicides that reduced NDVI resulted in lower weed biomass.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed aboveground biomass and NDVI at two weeks were strongly correlated.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- weed aboveground biomasse0
- Comparator
- NDVI (2 WAT)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strong correlations were observed between weed aboveground biomass and NDVI (2 WAT).”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide application significantly affected wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The overall effects of herbicide application on wheat grain yield were also significant (P ≤ 0.001).”
Claim · model-written summary
High NDVI in some pots was attributed to herbicide-resistant weeds.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Interactor
- herbicide-resistant weedse0weed
- Outcome
- high NDVI valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments confirmed that the high NDVI values in some cases could be attributed to the presence of herbicide-resistant weeds.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Two catchweed bedstraw accessions had resistance indices of 9.7 to 13.2 to mesosulfuron-methyl plus iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodiume0
- Interactor
- catchweed bedstrawe0weed
- Outcome
- resistance indices of two accessions of catchweed bedstrawe0
- Value
- 9.7 and 13.2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For instance, the resistance indices of two accessions of catchweed bedstraw ( Galium aparine L.) to mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium ranged between 9.7 and 13.2, whereas one sterile oat [ Avena sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne] accession was 8.8 times more resistant to fenoxaprop- p -ethyl than a susceptible one.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A sterile oat accession was 8.8 times more resistant to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl than a susceptible accession.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- fenoxaprop- p -ethyle0
- Interactor
- sterile oate0weed
- Outcome
- sterile oate0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Value
- 8.8 timese0
- Comparator
- a susceptible onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For instance, the resistance indices of two accessions of catchweed bedstraw ( Galium aparine L.) to mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium ranged between 9.7 and 13.2, whereas one sterile oat [ Avena sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne] accession was 8.8 times more resistant to fenoxaprop- p -ethyl than a susceptible one.”
t0“durum wheat”
The same questions in other papers
clopyralid · growth · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Florasulam · growth · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
2,4-D · growth · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
herbicide · weed · Triticum turgidum (rivet wheat)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.