Abstract
Abstract Soybean ( Glycine max L.) is known to contribute to soil N reserves when grown in rotation with other high‐value crops such as corn ( Zea mays L.) and winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). However, continuous soybean and “short” soybean rotations (e.g., corn–soybean, wheat–soybean) may cause declining soybean yields and degrading soil health over time. In this long‐term field study, we determined crop rotation effects on soybean yield and soil health indicators for a cool, humid, clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario. The study used nine soybean rotations, which included continuous soybean (S), corn–soybean (C–S), corn–soybean–soybean (C–S–S), and six rotations where winter wheat (WW) was grown with red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) (+RC) and without underseeded red clover (i.e., winter wheat–soybean [WW–S, WW+RC–S], corn–soybean–winter wheat [C–S–WW, C–S–WW+RC], and winter wheat–soybean–soybean [WW–S–S, WW+RC–S–S]). Ten soil health indicators during the first and second soybean phase of each rotation were measured in 2018, whereas soybean yield was measured from 2002 to 2018. Soybean yields in 2‐ and 3‐yr rotations were 39–44% and 48–52% greater, respectively, relative to continuous soybean excluding the rotations with 2 of 3 yr of soybean (C–S–S, WW–S–S, WW+RC–S–S), which were only 22–35% greater than continuous soybean. Partial least squares regression indicated that inorganic N, particulate organic matter N, particulate organic matter C, potentially mineralizable N, total C, soil respiration rate, and water extractable organic soil C were the most important soil health indicators, explaining 34% of the total variation in soybean yields. It was concluded that soybean grown in 3‐yr rotations with corn and winter wheat produced the largest soybean yields and the greatest positive impacts on soil health indicators likely owing to cereal crops enhancing C inputs into soil.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield in two-year rotations was 39–44% greater than continuous soybean, excluding rotations with two soybean years in three.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- 2‐e0
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 39–44%e0
- Qualifier
- excluding the rotations with 2 of 3 yr of soybeane0
- Comparator
- continuous soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean yields in 2‐ and 3‐yr rotations were 39–44% and 48–52% greater, respectively, relative to continuous soybean excluding the rotations with 2 of 3 yr of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield in three-year rotations was 48–52% greater than continuous soybean, excluding rotations with two soybean years in three.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 3‐yr rotationse0
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 48–52%e0
- Comparator
- continuous soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean yields in 2‐ and 3‐yr rotations were 39–44% and 48–52% greater, respectively, relative to continuous soybean excluding the rotations with 2 of 3 yr of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotations with two soybean years in three yielded 22–35% more than continuous soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- rotations with 2 of 3 yr of soybeane0
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 22–35%e0
- Comparator
- continuous soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotations with 2 of 3 yr of soybean (C–S–S, WW–S–S, WW+RC–S–S), which were only 22–35% greater than continuous soybean”
e1“Soybean yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven soil health indicators together explained 34% of soybean yield variation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- total variation in soybean yieldse0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Qualifier
- soil health indicatorse0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inorganic N, particulate organic matter N, particulate organic matter C, potentially mineralizable N, total C, soil respiration rate, and water extractable organic soil C were the most important soil health indicators, explaining 34% of the total variation in soybean yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year corn and winter wheat rotations produced the largest soybean yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 3‐yr rotations with corn and winter wheate0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- largeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean grown in 3‐yr rotations with corn and winter wheat produced the largest soybean yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year corn and winter wheat rotations produced the greatest positive soil health effects.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 3‐yr rotations with corn and winter wheate0
- Outcome
- soil health indicatorse0
- Direction
- greatest positive impactse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean grown in 3‐yr rotations with corn and winter wheat produced the largest soybean yields and the greatest positive impacts on soil health indicators”
Claim · model-written summary
Cereal-enhanced carbon inputs likely explain soil health benefits of the rotations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- soil health indicatorse1
- Qualifier
- cereal crops enhancing C inputs into soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“likely owing to cereal crops enhancing C inputs into soil”
e1“soybean grown in 3‐yr rotations with corn and winter wheat produced the largest soybean yields and the greatest positive impacts on soil health indicators”
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