Abstract
Abstract Crop residue grazing or baling is common in the western Corn Belt. However, its impacts on subsequent crop yields under different irrigation levels and tillage systems are unclear. We investigated the impacts of corn ( Zea mays L.) residue baling and cattle grazing on soil compaction, water content, and corn yield under full and limited irrigated no‐till in Nebraska during three years. In Years 2 and 3, an additional tillage treatment (strip till) was implemented to evaluate its effects on grain yield under the above treatments. Residue removal effects on compaction and water content did not vary with irrigation level. Grazing (3.68 animal units ha −1 ) minimally impacted compaction and soil profile water content compared to no removal. Baling increased cone index by 34–53% in the 0‐to‐12.5‐cm depth and decreased water content by 6 cm compared to no removal. Residue removal effects on yield did not depend on irrigation. Residue removal impacts depended on tillage in Year 3 only. Full irrigation increased corn yields up to 11% compared to limited irrigation. Strip till increased yield by 11% compared to no‐till in Year 2 only. Baling and grazing had no effect on corn yield in Year 1, but baling and grazing increased yield by 9% compared to no removal in Year 2, likely due to lower water content. In Year 3, grazing and baling increased yield by 9% under no‐till but not strip till. Overall, grazing had minimal impacts while baling increased yield and compaction and decreased water content with few variations due to irrigation or tillage.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Residue removal effects on compaction and water content did not vary with irrigation.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- Residue removal effects on compaction and water contente0
- Direction
- did not varye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue removal effects on compaction and water content did not vary with irrigation level”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing minimally affected compaction relative to no removal.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Grazing (3.68 animal units ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- compactione0
- Direction
- minimally impactede0
- Comparator
- no removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grazing (3.68 animal units ha −1 ) minimally impacted compaction and soil profile water content compared to no removal”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing minimally affected soil profile water content relative to no removal.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Grazing (3.68 animal units ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- soil profile water contente0
- Direction
- minimally impactede0
- Comparator
- no removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grazing (3.68 animal units ha −1 ) minimally impacted compaction and soil profile water content compared to no removal”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Baling increased cone index by 34–53% in shallow soil.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Balinge0
- Outcome
- cone indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34–53%e0
- Comparator
- no removale0
- Setting
- 0‐to‐12.5‐cm depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baling increased cone index by 34–53% in the 0‐to‐12.5‐cm depth and decreased water content by 6 cm compared to no removal”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Baling decreased soil water content by 6 cm.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Balinge0
- Outcome
- water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6 cme0
- Comparator
- no removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baling increased cone index by 34–53% in the 0‐to‐12.5‐cm depth and decreased water content by 6 cm compared to no removal”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield response to residue removal did not depend on irrigation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Residue removal effects on yielde0
- Direction
- did not depende0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue removal effects on yield did not depend on irrigation”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue removal effects depended on tillage only in Year 3.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Residue removal impactse0
- Qualifier
- Year 3 onlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue removal impacts depended on tillage in Year 3 only”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation increased corn yield up to 11% relative to limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Full irrigatione0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- limited irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Full irrigation increased corn yields up to 11% compared to limited irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Strip till increased yield by 11% over no-till in Year 2.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Strip tille0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- Year 2 onlye0
- Comparator
- no‐tille0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strip till increased yield by 11% compared to no‐till in Year 2 only”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Baling did not affect corn yield in Year 1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Balinge0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- Year 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baling and grazing had no effect on corn yield in Year 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing did not affect corn yield in Year 1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- Year 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Baling and grazing had no effect on corn yield in Year 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Baling raised yield 9% over no removal in Year 2.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- balinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- Year 2e0
- Comparator
- no removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“baling and grazing increased yield by 9% compared to no removal in Year 2”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing raised yield 9% over no removal in Year 2.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- Year 2e0
- Comparator
- no removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“baling and grazing increased yield by 9% compared to no removal in Year 2”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing raised yield 9% under no-till in Year 3.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- under no‐tille0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Year 3, grazing and baling increased yield by 9% under no‐till but not strip till”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Baling raised yield 9% under no-till in Year 3.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- balinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- under no‐tille0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Year 3, grazing and baling increased yield by 9% under no‐till but not strip till”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither grazing nor baling raised yield under strip till in Year 3.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- grazing and balinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Qualifier
- strip tille0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Year 3, grazing and baling increased yield by 9% under no‐till but not strip till”
t0“corn”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.