Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the emergence rate and development of bean seedlings in response to the treatment with urban sludge in increasing doses (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) applied to a dwarf (Efsane) and pole (Öz Ayşe) bean cultivar grown under climate chamber conditions. The following traits were investigated: first emergence and first leaf formation time, seedling length, root length, leaf color, leaf area, number of leaves, seedling age weight, seedling dry weight, root age weight and root dry weight of plant morphological properties and Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd concentrations. Morphological measurements show that 25 % and 50% sludge treatment doses have a positive effect on the seedling emergence and the first true leaf formation but sewage sludge is not effective at 75% and 100% doses. A significant increase in the content of heavy metals, such as Cu, K, Mg, Mn and Zn, could be expected under increasing doses of sludge, whereas in fact there was a decrease in Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Na and Ca values. It was determined that the Ca content of plants was beneficial for the plant growth. Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cr were high enough in some cases to cause toxic effects, which affected adversely the plant growth. In addition, it was determined that there is no plant emergence at the 100 % sludge treatment dose. It has been determined that the resistance of the dwarf variety Esfane to the application of sewage sludge in increasing doses is higher than that of the Öz Ayşe variety. The analyses showed that the dwarf variety contained more heavy metals than the pole type and in both types the content of heavy metals was above the toxic thresholds.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge at 25% and 50% doses had a positive effect on bean seedling emergence and first true leaf formation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- 25 % and 50% sludge treatment dosese1
- Outcome
- seedling emergence and the first true leaf formatione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Morphological measurements show that 25 % and 50% sludge treatment doses have a positive effect on the seedling emergence and the first true leaf formation but sewage sludge is not effective at 75% and 100% doses”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge at 75% and 100% doses was not effective for bean seedlings.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 75% and 100% dosese2
- Outcome
- effectivee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“sewage sludge is not effective at 75% and 100% doses”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sludge doses decreased the Ni, Cd and Co values in bean plants.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of sludgee3
- Outcome
- Ni, Cd, Coe3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“A significant increase in the content of heavy metals, such as Cu, K, Mg, Mn and Zn, could be expected under increasing doses of sludge, whereas in fact there was a decrease in Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Na and Ca values”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sludge doses decreased the Cr, Fe and Na values in bean plants.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of sludgee3
- Outcome
- Cr, Fe, Nae3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“A significant increase in the content of heavy metals, such as Cu, K, Mg, Mn and Zn, could be expected under increasing doses of sludge, whereas in fact there was a decrease in Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Na and Ca values”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sludge doses decreased the Ca values in bean plants.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of sludgee3
- Outcome
- Ca valuese3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“A significant increase in the content of heavy metals, such as Cu, K, Mg, Mn and Zn, could be expected under increasing doses of sludge, whereas in fact there was a decrease in Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Na and Ca values”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Ca content of bean plants was beneficial for plant growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Compound
- Cae4
- Outcome
- plant growthe4
- Qualifier
- beneficiale4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“It was determined that the Ca content of plants was beneficial for the plant growth”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu, Cd and Ni concentrations were high enough to cause toxic effects that adversely affected bean growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Compound
- Cu, Cd, Nie5
- Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Qualifier
- toxic effectse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cr were high enough in some cases to cause toxic effects, which affected adversely the plant growth”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn, Zn and Cr concentrations were high enough to cause toxic effects that adversely affected bean growth.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Compound
- Mn, Zn and Cre5
- Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Qualifier
- toxic effectse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn and Cr were high enough in some cases to cause toxic effects, which affected adversely the plant growth”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no plant emergence at the 100% sludge treatment dose.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 100 % sludge treatment dosee6
- Outcome
- plant emergencee6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“there is no plant emergence at the 100 % sludge treatment dose”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The dwarf variety Esfane was more resistant to increasing sewage sludge doses than the Öz Ayşe variety.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- Esfanee7
- Treatment
- sewage sludge in increasing dosese7
- Outcome
- resistancee7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- Öz Ayşe varietye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the resistance of the dwarf variety Esfane to the application of sewage sludge in increasing doses is higher than that of the Öz Ayşe variety”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The dwarf variety contained more heavy metals than the pole type.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- dwarf varietye0
- Outcome
- heavy metalse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- pole typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dwarf variety contained more heavy metals than the pole type and in both types the content of heavy metals was above the toxic thresholds”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal content was above the toxic thresholds in both bean varieties.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- content of heavy metalse0
- Direction
- abovee0
- Qualifier
- the toxic thresholdse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dwarf variety contained more heavy metals than the pole type and in both types the content of heavy metals was above the toxic thresholds”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
The same questions in other papers
organic · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.