Abstract
Abstract Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers because of its aggressive growth, adaptability, prolific seed production, and widespread resistance to many herbicides. Studies were initiated to determine the effects of herbicide application at first female inflorescence on Palmer amaranth control, biomass, seed production, cumulative germination, and seed viability. Enlist (2,4-D–resistant) soybean and Xtend (dicamba-resistant) soybean were planted and various combinations of either 2,4-D or dicamba with and without glufosinate and/or glyphosate were applied at first visible female Palmer amaranth inflorescence. Mixtures of 2,4-D + glufosinate and 2,4-D + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control at 4 wk after treatment in Enlist soybean. Similarly, in Xtend soybean, combinations of dicamba + glufosinate and dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control. The greatest reductions in biomass were from combinations of auxin herbicides (2,4-D or dicamba) plus glufosinate with and without glyphosate. Seed production was reduced most by treatments containing at least one effective site of action: an auxin herbicide (2,4-D or dicamba) or glufosinate. In contrast to previous research, cumulative germination and seed viability were not affected by herbicide treatments. This research indicates the efficacy of auxin herbicides or glufosinate alone and in combination to reduce the seed production of Palmer amaranth when applied at first female inflorescence. More research is needed to evaluate the full potential for applications of these herbicides at flower initiation to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistance.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Mixture of 2,4-D + glufosinate gave the greatest Palmer amaranth control at 4 weeks in Enlist soybean.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Material
- Enlist soybeane1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D + glufosinatee1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Qualifier
- at 4 wk after treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e1“Mixtures of 2,4-D + glufosinate and 2,4-D + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control at 4 wk after treatment in Enlist soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixture of 2,4-D + glufosinate + glyphosate gave the greatest Palmer amaranth control at 4 weeks in Enlist soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- Enlist soybeane1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D + glufosinate + glyphosatee1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Qualifier
- at 4 wk after treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e1“Mixtures of 2,4-D + glufosinate and 2,4-D + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control at 4 wk after treatment in Enlist soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba + glufosinate gave the greatest Palmer amaranth control in Xtend soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- Xtend soybeane2
- Treatment
- dicamba + glufosinatee2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- controle2
- Direction
- greateste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e2“Similarly, in Xtend soybean, combinations of dicamba + glufosinate and dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate gave the greatest Palmer amaranth control in Xtend soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- Xtend soybeane2
- Treatment
- dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosatee2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- controle2
- Direction
- greateste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e2“Similarly, in Xtend soybean, combinations of dicamba + glufosinate and dicamba + glufosinate + glyphosate provided the greatest control”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin herbicide plus glufosinate combinations gave the greatest reductions in Palmer amaranth biomass.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- auxin herbicides (2,4-D or dicamba) plus glufosinatee3
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- biomasse3
- Direction
- greatest reductionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e3“The greatest reductions in biomass were from combinations of auxin herbicides (2,4-D or dicamba) plus glufosinate with and without glyphosate”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments with an auxin herbicide or glufosinate reduced Palmer amaranth seed production most.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- an auxin herbicide (2,4-D or dicamba) or glufosinatee4
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Seed productione4
- Direction
- reduced moste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e4“Seed production was reduced most by treatments containing at least one effective site of action: an auxin herbicide (2,4-D or dicamba) or glufosinate”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments did not affect Palmer amaranth cumulative germination or seed viability.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse5
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- cumulative germination and seed viabilitye5
- Direction
- were not affectede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Palmer amaranth is an extremely troublesome weed for soybean growers”
e5“In contrast to previous research, cumulative germination and seed viability were not affected by herbicide treatments”
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See all 31 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.