Abstract
Calcium is one of the most poorly reutilized nutrients. Its deficiencies cause various physiological disturbances and, consequently, reduce the quantity and quality of yields. Reduced content of Ca2+ ions in cells leads to development of, e.g., bitter pit in apples. Efficient and instantaneous mitigation of Ca2+ deficiencies is provided by foliar feeding. There are no detailed data on the effect of foliar feeding with various calcium forms on the cell structure or on the microanalysis and mapping of this element in apple fruit cells. Therefore, we carried out comparative studies of the ultrastructure of epidermis and hypodermis cells, to assess the content and distribution of calcium in the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, and precipitates of Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit exposed to four Ca treatments, including the control with no additional Ca supplementation (I) and foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 (II), CaCl2 (III), and Ca chelated with EDTA (IV). Light and transmission electron microscopy and an X-ray microanalyzer were used and showed a beneficial effect of calcium preparations on the ultrastructure of fruit epidermis and hypodermis cells, manifested in the presence of a normally developed cell wall with a regular middle lamella, preserved continuity of cytoplasmic membranes, and stabilized cell structure. In the selected elements of apical epidermis cells, the highest level of Ca2+ ions was detected in the middle lamella, cell wall, plasmalemma, and cytoplasm. The highest increase in the Ca2+ content in these cell constituents was recorded in treatment IV, whereas the lowest value of the parameters was noted in variant III.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium preparations improved ultrastructure of apple fruit epidermis and hypodermis cells.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica Borkh.
Malus domesticae1 - Material
- ‘Szampion’e1
- Organ / stage
- fruit epidermis and hypodermis cellse0
- Treatment
- calcium preparationse0
- Outcome
- ultrastructure of fruit epidermis and hypodermis cellse0
- Direction
- beneficial effecte0
- Comparator
- control with no additional Ca supplementation (I)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a beneficial effect of calcium preparations on the ultrastructure of fruit epidermis and hypodermis cells, manifested in the presence of a normally developed cell wall with a regular middle lamella, preserved continuity of cytoplasmic membranes, and stabilized cell structure.”
e1“Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit exposed to four Ca treatments, including the control with no additional Ca supplementation (I)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium was highest in the middle lamella, cell wall, plasmalemma and cytoplasm of apical epidermis cells.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica Borkh.Malus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Szampion’e1
- Organ / stage
- apical epidermis cellse0
- Outcome
- level of Ca2+ ionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the selected elements of apical epidermis cells, the highest level of Ca2+ ions was detected in the middle lamella, cell wall, plasmalemma, and cytoplasm.”
e1“Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA-chelated calcium produced the highest increase in apple fruit cell calcium content.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica Borkh.Malus domesticae2
- Material
- ‘Szampion’e2
- Treatment
- Ca chelated with EDTAe1
- Outcome
- Ca2+ contente0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest increase in the Ca2+ content in these cell constituents was recorded in treatment IV”
e1“Ca chelated with EDTA (IV)”
e2“Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2 treatment had the lowest apple fruit cell calcium parameters.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica Borkh.Malus domesticae2
- Material
- ‘Szampion’e2
- Treatment
- CaCl2e1
- Outcome
- parameterse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest value of the parameters was noted in variant III.”
e1“CaCl2 (III)”
e2“Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.