Abstract
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a high-value vegetable crop in Taiwan. In August 2016, a new disease was found infecting about 10% of sweet pepper (cv. Andalus) plants in a highland farm in Nantou County (24°6'10.26“N, 121°12'16.65”E, about 2,070 m above sea level). The disease lesions were brown, circular to irregular and with scattered black dots on leaves (Fig. 1), and sunken brown to dark black lesions with orange conidial masses and black acervuli on fruit (Fig. 2). A Colletotrichum species with long cylindrical conidia and black setae was consistently isolated from the diseased samples. Morphological and cultural characteristics of two isolates from fruits and one from a leaf, cultured on potato dextrose agar plates at 28°C with 12 hr of light, were determined. All isolates produced white aerial mycelium and orange conidial masses. About one week after incubation, numerous black, spherical microsclerotia (180-380, av. 264 μm) associated with setae (Fig. 3) were observed to have formed evenly over the colony and the reverse turned dark grey to black (Fig. 4). Conidia were 16-25 (av. 21.4) x 2-5 (av. 3.3) μm, hyaline, aseptate, and cylindrical with tapered ends (Fig. 5). The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum coccodes based on the description being consistent with Mordue (2). To confirm the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA, amplified by PCR with universal primers ITS4/ITS5 (White et al., 3), for the three isolates were sequenced. The sequences from all three isolates were identical (GenBank Accession No. MF942405), and a BLASTn search showed the sequence was 100% identical to many records of C. coccodes, including the ex-neotype CBS269.75 (NR119858). To confirm the pathogenicity, six 85-day-old greenhouse-grown sweet pepper plants (cv. Andalus) bearing 5-8 mature fruits were spray-inoculated to run-off with 150 ml of spore suspension (1 × 105 spores/ml). After 24 hr incubation in a growth chamber in darkness at 25°C and 98-99% relative humidity, the plants were returned to the greenhouse (25-35°C). Leaf spots appeared on the leaves seven days after inoculation (DAI), and 72% (43-100) of the fruits developed disease lesions by 28 DAI. All uninoculated plants remained symptomless. Symptoms on inoculated plants were the same as those observed in the field. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating C. coccodes from both infected leaves and fruits. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. coccodes and anthracnose disease of pepper caused by this pathogen in Taiwan. The pathogen can infect not only peppers, but also numerous other hosts including important economic crops such as tomato, potato and onions (Farr & Rossman, 1). It is important to assess the distribution, rate of spread, and extent of damage caused by C. coccodes on pepper and other hosts in Taiwan to determine its current and potential economic significance. This work was supported by the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan (Project no. 108AS-1.1.2-ST-a4) and core donors to the World Vegetable Center.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
A new disease infected about 10% of sweet pepper plants on a highland farm in Nantou County
- Taxon
- sweet pepper
Capsicum annuume1 - Material
- Andaluse1
- Outcome
- new diseasee1
- Value
- about 10%e1
- Setting
- highland farm in Nantou Countye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“a new disease was found infecting about 10% of sweet pepper (cv. Andalus) plants in a highland farm in Nantou County”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease lesions on sweet pepper leaves were brown, circular to irregular, with scattered black dots
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- disease lesionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e1“The disease lesions were brown, circular to irregular and with scattered black dots on leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit lesions were sunken, brown to dark black, with orange conidial masses and black acervuli
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruite2
- Outcome
- sunken brown to dark black lesionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e2“sunken brown to dark black lesions with orange conidial masses and black acervuli on fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
All isolates produced white aerial mycelium and orange conidial masses in culture
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Outcome
- white aerial myceliume3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e3“All isolates produced white aerial mycelium and orange conidial masses”
Claim · model-written summary
Numerous black, spherical microsclerotia formed on the colony, associated with setae
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Outcome
- microsclerotiae4
- Value
- av. 264 μme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e4“numerous black, spherical microsclerotia (180-380, av. 264 μm) associated with setae”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia were cylindrical with tapered ends, averaging 21.4 by 3.3 μm in size
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Outcome
- Conidiae5
- Value
- 16-25 (av. 21.4) x 2-5 (av. 3.3) μme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e5“Conidia were 16-25 (av. 21.4) x 2-5 (av. 3.3) μm, hyaline, aseptate, and cylindrical with tapered ends”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum coccodes from morphology
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum coccodes
Colletotrichum coccodese6pathogen - Outcome
- identified as Colletotrichum coccodese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e6“The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum coccodes based on the description being consistent with Mordue”
Claim · model-written summary
ITS sequences of the isolate were 100% identical to records of C. coccodes
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Interactor
- C. coccodesColletotrichum coccodese7pathogen
- Outcome
- 100% identicale7
- Value
- 100%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e7“a BLASTn search showed the sequence was 100% identical to many records of C. coccodes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray-inoculated greenhouse sweet pepper plants developed leaf spots seven days after inoculation, unlike uninoculated plants
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume1
- Material
- Andaluse1
- Treatment
- spray-inoculated to run-off with 150 ml of spore suspensione1
- Outcome
- Leaf spotse3
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse2
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“greenhouse-grown sweet pepper plants (cv. Andalus) bearing 5-8 mature fruits were spray-inoculated to run-off with 150 ml of spore suspension”
e2“All uninoculated plants remained symptomless”
e3“Leaf spots appeared on the leaves seven days after inoculation (DAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray-inoculated sweet pepper plants developed disease lesions on 72% (43-100) of fruits by 28 days after inoculation
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume1
- Organ / stage
- fruitse4
- Treatment
- spray-inoculated to run-off with 150 ml of spore suspensione1
- Outcome
- disease lesionse4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 72% (43-100)e4
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“greenhouse-grown sweet pepper plants (cv. Andalus) bearing 5-8 mature fruits were spray-inoculated to run-off with 150 ml of spore suspension”
e2“All uninoculated plants remained symptomless”
e4“72% (43-100) of the fruits developed disease lesions by 28 DAI”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated control sweet pepper plants remained symptomless
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Outcome
- remained symptomlesse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e2“All uninoculated plants remained symptomless”
Claim · model-written summary
Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating C. coccodes from infected sweet pepper leaves and fruits
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Organ / stage
- infected leaves and fruitse5
- Interactor
- C. coccodesColletotrichum coccodese5pathogen
- Outcome
- Koch's postulates were fulfillede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on sweet pepper in Taiwan”
e5“Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating C. coccodes from both infected leaves and fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
C. coccodes is reported for the first time causing anthracnose of pepper in Taiwan
- Taxon
- peppere6
- Interactor
- C. coccodesColletotrichum coccodese6pathogen
- Outcome
- anthracnose disease of peppere6
- Setting
- Taiwane6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. coccodes and anthracnose disease of pepper caused by this pathogen in Taiwan”
The same questions in other papers
application · disease · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
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- positive
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