Abstract
BACKGROUND: As a cool-season grass species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is challenged by increasing temperatures. Heat acclimation or activation of leaf senescence, are two main strategies when tall fescue is exposed to heat stress (HS). However, lacking a genome sequence, the complexity of hexaploidy nature, and the short read of second-generation sequencing hinder a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism. This study aims to characterize the molecular mechanism of heat adaptation and heat-induced senescence at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. RESULTS: Transcriptome of heat-treated (1 h and 72 h) and senescent leaves of tall fescue were generated by combining single-molecular real-time and Illumina sequencing. In total, 4076; 6917, and 11,918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by short- and long-term heat stress (HS), and senescence, respectively. Venn and bioinformatics analyses of DEGs showed that short-term HS strongly activated heat shock proteins (Hsps) and heat shock factors (Hsfs), as well as specifically activated FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), calcium signaling genes, glutathione S-transferase genes, photosynthesis-related genes, and phytohormone signaling genes. By contrast, long-term HS shared most of DEGs with senescence, including the up-regulated chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes, stress-related genes, and NACs, and the down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs, and catalases. Subsequently, transient overexpression in tobacco showed that FaHsfA2a (up-regulated specifically by short-term HS) reduced cell membrane damages caused by HS, but FaNAC029 and FaNAM-B1 (up-regulated by long-term HS and senescence) increased the damages. Besides, alternative splicing was widely observed in HS and senescence responsive genes, including Hsps, Hsfs, and phytohormone signaling/synthesis genes. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term HS can stimulate gene responses and improve thermotolerance, but long-term HS is a damage and may accelerate leaf senescence. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying heat adaptation and heat-induced senescence.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term heat stress induced 4076 differentially expressed genes in tall fescue leaves.
- Taxon
- tall fescue
Lolium arundinaceumt0 - Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 4076e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4076; 6917, and 11,918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by short- and long-term heat stress (HS), and senescence, respectively”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat stress induced 6917 differentially expressed genes in tall fescue leaves.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 6917e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4076; 6917, and 11,918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by short- and long-term heat stress (HS), and senescence, respectively”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf senescence involved 11,918 differentially expressed genes in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e0
- Value
- 11,918e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4076; 6917, and 11,918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by short- and long-term heat stress (HS), and senescence, respectively”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term heat stress strongly activated heat shock proteins and heat shock factors in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- heat shock proteins (Hsps) and heat shock factors (Hsfs)e0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Qualifier
- short-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“short-term HS strongly activated heat shock proteins (Hsps) and heat shock factors (Hsfs), as well as specifically activated FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), calcium signaling genes, glutathione S-transferase genes, photosynthesis-related genes, and phytohormone signaling genes”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term heat stress specifically activated FKBPs, calcium signaling genes and glutathione S-transferase genes in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), calcium signaling genes, glutathione S-transferase genese0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Qualifier
- short-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“short-term HS strongly activated heat shock proteins (Hsps) and heat shock factors (Hsfs), as well as specifically activated FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), calcium signaling genes, glutathione S-transferase genes, photosynthesis-related genes, and phytohormone signaling genes”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term heat stress specifically activated photosynthesis-related genes and phytohormone signaling genes in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis-related genes, and phytohormone signaling genese0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Qualifier
- short-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“short-term HS strongly activated heat shock proteins (Hsps) and heat shock factors (Hsfs), as well as specifically activated FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), calcium signaling genes, glutathione S-transferase genes, photosynthesis-related genes, and phytohormone signaling genes”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat stress shared most of its differentially expressed genes with senescence in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- shared most of DEGs with senescencee0
- Qualifier
- long-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term HS shared most of DEGs with senescence, including the up-regulated chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes, stress-related genes, and NACs, and the down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs, and catalases”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat stress and senescence shared up-regulated chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes and stress-related genes.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes, stress-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- long-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term HS shared most of DEGs with senescence, including the up-regulated chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes, stress-related genes, and NACs, and the down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs, and catalases”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat stress and senescence shared up-regulated NAC genes in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- NACse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- long-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term HS shared most of DEGs with senescence, including the up-regulated chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes, stress-related genes, and NACs, and the down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs, and catalases”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat stress and senescence shared down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs and catalases.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs, and catalasese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- long-term HSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term HS shared most of DEGs with senescence, including the up-regulated chlorophyll catabolic genes, phytohormone synthesis/degradation genes, stress-related genes, and NACs, and the down-regulated photosynthesis-related genes, FKBPs, and catalases”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of FaHsfA2a in tobacco reduced cell membrane damage caused by heat stress.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- transient overexpressione0
- Gene
- FaHsfA2ae0
- Outcome
- cell membrane damages caused by HSe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient overexpression in tobacco showed that FaHsfA2a (up-regulated specifically by short-term HS) reduced cell membrane damages caused by HS, but FaNAC029 and FaNAM-B1 (up-regulated by long-term HS and senescence) increased the damages”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of FaNAC029 in tobacco increased cell membrane damage caused by heat stress.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- transient overexpressione0
- Gene
- FaNAC029e0
- Outcome
- damagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient overexpression in tobacco showed that FaHsfA2a (up-regulated specifically by short-term HS) reduced cell membrane damages caused by HS, but FaNAC029 and FaNAM-B1 (up-regulated by long-term HS and senescence) increased the damages”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of FaNAM-B1 in tobacco increased cell membrane damage caused by heat stress.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- transient overexpressione0
- Gene
- FaNAM-B1e0
- Outcome
- damagese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient overexpression in tobacco showed that FaHsfA2a (up-regulated specifically by short-term HS) reduced cell membrane damages caused by HS, but FaNAC029 and FaNAM-B1 (up-regulated by long-term HS and senescence) increased the damages”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternative splicing was widely observed in heat stress and senescence responsive genes of tall fescue, including Hsps, Hsfs and phytohormone signaling/synthesis genes.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- alternative splicinge0
- Qualifier
- widely observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternative splicing was widely observed in HS and senescence responsive genes”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that short-term heat stress can stimulate gene responses and improve thermotolerance in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- short-term HSe0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-term HS can stimulate gene responses and improve thermotolerance, but long-term HS is a damage and may accelerate leaf senescence”
t0“tall fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that long-term heat stress is damaging and may accelerate leaf senescence in tall fescue.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- long-term HSe0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- acceleratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The short-term HS can stimulate gene responses and improve thermotolerance, but long-term HS is a damage and may accelerate leaf senescence”
t0“tall fescue”
The same questions in other papers
heat · tolerance: abiotic · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.