Abstract
The current study was conducted to demonstrate the possible roles of exogenously applied flavonoid naringenin (Nar) on the efficiency of PSII photochemistry and the responses of chloroplastic antioxidant of salt and osmotic stressed-Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Yunus90). For this aim, plants were grown in hydroponic culture and were treated with Nar (0.1 and 0.4 mM) alone or in combination with salt (100 mM NaCl) and/or osmotic (10% Polyethylene glycol, -0.54 MPa). Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo). Nar reversed the changes on these parameters. The phenomenological fluxes (TRo/CS and ETo/CS) altered by stress were induced by Nar and led to a notable increase in the performance index [PIABS] and the capacity of light reaction [Po/(1-Po)]. Besides, Nar-applied plants exhibited higher specific fluxes values (ABS/RC, ETo/RC and Eo/(1-Eo)) and decreasing controlled dissipation of energy (DIo/CSo and DIo/RC). The transcripts levels of psbA and psbD were lowered in stress-treated bean, but upregulated in Nar-treated plants after stress exposure. Nar also alleviated the changes on gas exchange parameters [carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal limitation (Ls)]. By regulating the antioxidant metabolism of isolated chloroplasts, Nar was able to control the toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TBARS (lipid peroxidation) produced by stresses. Chloroplastic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reduced by stresses was increased by Nar. In response to NaCl, Nar increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) as well as peroxidase (POX). Nar protected the bean chloroplasts by minimizing disturbances caused by NaCl exposure via the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) redox-based systems. Under Nar plus PEG, Nar maintained the AsA regeneration by the induction of MDHAR and DHAR, but not GSH re-cycling by virtue of no induction in GR activity and the reduction in GSH/GSSG and GSH redox state. Based on these advances, Nar protected in bean chloroplasts by minimizing disturbances caused by NaCl or PEG exposure via the AsA or GSH redox-based systems and POX activity.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced water content, osmotic potential and chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- salt (100 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo).”
e1“salt (100 mM NaCl)”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic stress reduced water content, osmotic potential and chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- osmotic (10% Polyethylene glycol, -0.54 MPa)e1
- Outcome
- water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo).”
e1“osmotic (10% Polyethylene glycol, -0.54 MPa)”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced potential photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- salt (100 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo).”
e1“salt (100 mM NaCl)”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic stress reduced potential photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- osmotic (10% Polyethylene glycol, -0.54 MPa)e1
- Outcome
- potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo).”
e1“osmotic (10% Polyethylene glycol, -0.54 MPa)”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin reversed stress effects on water content, osmotic potential and chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo). Nar reversed the changes on these parameters.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin reversed stress effects on potential photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo)e0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both of stress caused a reduction in water content (RWC), osmotic potential (), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo). Nar reversed the changes on these parameters.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin induced stress-altered phenomenological fluxes.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- phenomenological fluxes (TRo/CS and ETo/CS)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phenomenological fluxes (TRo/CS and ETo/CS) altered by stress were induced by Nar and led to a notable increase in the performance index [PIABS] and the capacity of light reaction [Po/(1-Po)].”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin increased performance index and light reaction capacity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- performance index [PIABS] and the capacity of light reaction [Po/(1-Po)]e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phenomenological fluxes (TRo/CS and ETo/CS) altered by stress were induced by Nar and led to a notable increase in the performance index [PIABS] and the capacity of light reaction [Po/(1-Po)].”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin-treated plants had higher specific fluxes.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- specific fluxes values (ABS/RC, ETo/RC and Eo/(1-Eo))e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Besides, Nar-applied plants exhibited higher specific fluxes values (ABS/RC, ETo/RC and Eo/(1-Eo)) and decreasing controlled dissipation of energy (DIo/CSo and DIo/RC).”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin decreased controlled energy dissipation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- controlled dissipation of energy (DIo/CSo and DIo/RC)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Besides, Nar-applied plants exhibited higher specific fluxes values (ABS/RC, ETo/RC and Eo/(1-Eo)) and decreasing controlled dissipation of energy (DIo/CSo and DIo/RC).”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress lowered psbA and psbD transcript levels.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Gene
- psbA and psbDe0
- Outcome
- transcripts levels of psbA and psbDe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The transcripts levels of psbA and psbD were lowered in stress-treated bean, but upregulated in Nar-treated plants after stress exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin upregulated psbA and psbD after stress.
- Taxon
- beane0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Gene
- psbA and psbDe0
- Outcome
- transcripts levels of psbA and psbDe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The transcripts levels of psbA and psbD were lowered in stress-treated bean, but upregulated in Nar-treated plants after stress exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin alleviated stress changes in carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci)e0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nar also alleviated the changes on gas exchange parameters [carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal limitation (Ls)].”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin alleviated stress changes in transpiration and stomatal limitation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate (E) and stomatal limitation (Ls)e0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nar also alleviated the changes on gas exchange parameters [carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal limitation (Ls)].”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin controlled stress-produced H2O2 and lipid peroxidation through antioxidant regulation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TBARS (lipid peroxidation)e0
- Direction
- controle0
- Qualifier
- regulating the antioxidant metabolism of isolated chloroplastse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By regulating the antioxidant metabolism of isolated chloroplasts, Nar was able to control the toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TBARS (lipid peroxidation) produced by stresses.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress reduced chloroplastic SOD activity, which naringenin increased.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- Chloroplastic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- reduced by stressese0
- Comparator
- stressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloroplastic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reduced by stresses was increased by Nar.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Under NaCl, naringenin increased APX, GR and MDHAR activities.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In response to NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In response to NaCl, Nar increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) as well as peroxidase (POX).”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Under NaCl, naringenin increased DHAR and POX activities and protected chloroplasts via AsA and GSH redox systems.
- Taxon
- beane1
- Treatment
- Nare0
- Outcome
- dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) as well as peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- via the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) redox-based systemse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In response to NaCl, Nar increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) as well as peroxidase (POX).”
e1“Nar protected the bean chloroplasts by minimizing disturbances caused by NaCl exposure via the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) redox-based systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PEG plus naringenin, MDHAR and DHAR induction maintained AsA regeneration.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nar plus PEGe0
- Gene
- MDHAR and DHARe0
- Outcome
- AsA regeneratione0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Nar plus PEG, Nar maintained the AsA regeneration by the induction of MDHAR and DHAR, but not GSH re-cycling by virtue of no induction in GR activity and the reduction in GSH/GSSG and GSH redox state.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PEG plus naringenin, GSH recycling was not maintained, with no GR induction and reduced GSH/GSSG and GSH redox state.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nar plus PEGe0
- Outcome
- GSH re-cyclinge0
- Qualifier
- no induction in GR activity and the reduction in GSH/GSSG and GSH redox statee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Nar plus PEG, Nar maintained the AsA regeneration by the induction of MDHAR and DHAR, but not GSH re-cycling by virtue of no induction in GR activity and the reduction in GSH/GSSG and GSH redox state.”
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
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