Abstract
Ebb-and-flow subirrigation systems are highly efficient, water-saving and environmentally friendly. However, one concern with these recirculating systems is the possible transmission of plant pathogens. Here, through 16S rRNA-targeted Illumina sequencing, the bacterial dynamics in a recirculating nutrient solution were characterized for cucumber plug seedlings cultivated in an ebb-and-flow system in summer and winter. Both the bacterial number and diversity in the nutrient solution increased immediately after the first irrigation cycle; then, these values were gradually stable with recirculating irrigation. In summer and winter, different bacterial compositions and changing patterns were observed. In summer, the predominant genera in the nutrient solution included Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Reyranella, Sphingobium, Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, and Acidovorax. Of those genera, during recirculating irrigation, the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium gradually decreased, whereas those of Pseudomonas, Reyranella, Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, and Acidovorax gradually increased. In winter, the bacterial communities were mainly composed of Nevskia, Bosea, Sphingobium, Acidovorax, Pseudomonas, and Hydrocarboniphaga. Of those genera, the relative abundance of Bosea, Sphingobium, and Acidovorax showed an increasing trend, whereas those of Nevskia and Hydrocarboniphaga decreased overall. Furthermore, in both summer and winter, no plant pathogenic bacteria on cucumber could be detected; however, some potentially beneficial bacteria, including Comamonas testosteroni, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. koreensis and Sphingobium yanoikuyae, colonized the nutrient solution and exhibited increased relative abundances during irrigation. The colonization of these bacteria might facilitate the plant growth promotion. Inoculation of the microbes from the effluent nutrient solution also promoted the growth of cucumber seedlings, but did not lead to any disease. The present data elucidate the bacterial dynamics in a cucumber cultivation ebb-and-flow system and provide useful information for biological control during cucumber seedling production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial number and diversity in the nutrient solution increased after the first irrigation cycle.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e0“Both the bacterial number and diversity in the nutrient solution increased immediately after the first irrigation cycle”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial number and diversity in the nutrient solution became gradually stable with recirculating irrigation.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e0“Both the bacterial number and diversity in the nutrient solution increased immediately after the first irrigation cycle”
e1“then, these values were gradually stable with recirculating irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer and winter showed different bacterial compositions and changing patterns in the nutrient solution.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e2“In summer and winter, different bacterial compositions and changing patterns were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium gradually decreased during recirculating irrigation in summer.
- Taxon
- cucumber plug seedlingst0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume3other - Outcome
- relative abundance of Bradyrhizobiume3
- Direction
- gradually decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e3“the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium gradually decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas, Reyranella and Sphingobium gradually increased in relative abundance in summer.
- Taxon
- cucumber plug seedlingst0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase4other - Second interactor
- ReyranellaReyranellae4other
- Outcome
- those of Pseudomonas, Reyranella, Sphingobiume4
- Direction
- gradually increasede4
- Setting
- summere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e4“whereas those of Pseudomonas, Reyranella, Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, and Acidovorax gradually increased”
e2“In summer and winter, different bacterial compositions and changing patterns were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Sphingomonas and Acidovorax gradually increased in relative abundance in summer.
- Taxon
- cucumber plug seedlingst0
- Interactor
- Sphingomonas
Sphingomonase4other - Second interactor
- Acidovorax
Acidovoraxe4other - Outcome
- Sphingomonas, and Acidovoraxe4
- Direction
- gradually increasede4
- Setting
- summere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e4“whereas those of Pseudomonas, Reyranella, Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, and Acidovorax gradually increased”
e2“In summer and winter, different bacterial compositions and changing patterns were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Bosea, Sphingobium and Acidovorax showed an increasing trend in relative abundance in winter.
- Taxon
- cucumber plug seedlingst0
- Second interactor
- Sphingobium
Sphingobiume5other - Outcome
- relative abundance of Bosea, Sphingobium, and Acidovoraxe5
- Direction
- increasing trende5
- Setting
- wintere2
BoseaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e5“the relative abundance of Bosea, Sphingobium, and Acidovorax showed an increasing trend, whereas those of Nevskia and Hydrocarboniphaga decreased overall”
e2“In summer and winter, different bacterial compositions and changing patterns were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Nevskia and Hydrocarboniphaga decreased overall in relative abundance in winter.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e5“the relative abundance of Bosea, Sphingobium, and Acidovorax showed an increasing trend, whereas those of Nevskia and Hydrocarboniphaga decreased overall”
e2“In summer and winter, different bacterial compositions and changing patterns were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
No plant pathogenic bacteria on cucumber could be detected in the nutrient solution in summer or winter.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse6 - Interactor
- plant pathogenic bacteriae6pathogen
- Outcome
- plant pathogenic bacteriae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e6“no plant pathogenic bacteria on cucumber could be detected”
Claim · model-written summary
Comamonas testosteroni, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased in relative abundance during irrigation.
- Taxon
- cucumber plug seedlingst0
- Interactor
- Comamonas testosteroni
Comamonas testosteronie7other - Second interactor
- Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumanniie7other - Outcome
- increased relative abundancese7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- Pseudomonas aeruginosae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e7“some potentially beneficial bacteria, including Comamonas testosteroni, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. koreensis and Sphingobium yanoikuyae, colonized the nutrient solution and exhibited increased relative abundances during irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
P. koreensis and Sphingobium yanoikuyae increased in relative abundance during irrigation.
- Taxon
- cucumber plug seedlingst0
- Interactor
- P. koreensisPseudomonas koreensise7other
- Second interactor
- Sphingobium yanoikuyaeSphingobium yanoikuyaee7other
- Outcome
- increased relative abundancese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e7“some potentially beneficial bacteria, including Comamonas testosteroni, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. koreensis and Sphingobium yanoikuyae, colonized the nutrient solution and exhibited increased relative abundances during irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with microbes from the effluent nutrient solution promoted growth of cucumber seedlings.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse7
- Treatment
- Inoculation of the microbes from the effluent nutrient solutione7
- Outcome
- growth of cucumber seedlingse7
- Direction
- promotede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e7“Inoculation of the microbes from the effluent nutrient solution also promoted the growth of cucumber seedlings, but did not lead to any disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with microbes from the effluent nutrient solution did not lead to any disease in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse7
- Treatment
- Inoculation of the microbes from the effluent nutrient solutione7
- Outcome
- diseasee7
- Direction
- did not lead toe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e7“Inoculation of the microbes from the effluent nutrient solution also promoted the growth of cucumber seedlings, but did not lead to any disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonization by these bacteria might facilitate cucumber plant growth promotion.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber plug seedlings”
e7“The colonization of these bacteria might facilitate the plant growth promotion”
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