Abstract
Low seed germination, early seedling death and infection of seeds by fungi before harvest are major problems in sorghum. Seeds of four sorghum cultivars treated with three fungicides were planted at different dates to determine if seed treatment and planting dates influenced seed germination, post emergence seedling death and preharvest seed infection. Germination was significantly lower when seeds were planted at soil temperature less than 20(DEGREES)C. Seed treatment with fungicides increased germination of the four sorghum cultivars when seeds were planted at low temperatures, but not at high soil temperature. The effect of seed treatment on germination at higher soil temperature was inconsistent. Post emergence seedling blight was higher when seeds were planted at higher temperature. Seed treatment with fungicide did not consistently reduce post emergence seedling death for all cultivars. Planting date influenced preharvest seed infection by various fungi and subsequent seed germination. Seeds obtained from May planting had significantly lower germination than those from June planting dates. Of the fungi isolated; Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. especially F. moniliforme, were the most prevalent. The incidence of Fusarium spp., was significantly higher on seeds from May than from June planting. Correlation analysis indicated that incidence of Alternaria spp. and seed germination were positively correlated, whereas the incidence of Fusarium spp. and germination of seeds from May plantings were negatively correlated. Greenhouse study of seedlings grown from Fusarium or Alternaria infected seeds showed that seedlings derived from Fusarium infected seeds were stunted, with reduced root and shoot growth; symptoms similar to post-emergence seedling blight in the field. Histopathological and scanning electron microscope studies showed that seed infection in the field by F. moniliforme is more damaging to sorghum than infection by other fungi. Of the sorghum cultivars, IS4225 was resistant to Fusarium seed infection. The results show that planting sorghum at soil temperature above 20C improves germination. At lower soil temperature, seed treatment with fungicides increased emergence. Seedborne Fusarium spp. reduces seed viability and might be involved in post emergence seedling blight.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum germination was significantly lower below 20(DEGREES)C soil temperature.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Germination was significantly lower when seeds were planted at soil temperature less than 20(DEGREES)C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatment increased sorghum germination at low temperatures.
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with fungicidese0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- low temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Seed treatment with fungicides increased germination of the four sorghum cultivars when seeds were planted at low temperatures, but not at high soil temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatment did not increase germination at high soil temperature.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Seed treatment with fungicides increased germination of the four sorghum cultivars when seeds were planted at low temperatures, but not at high soil temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of seed treatment on germination at higher soil temperature was inconsistent.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“The effect of seed treatment on germination at higher soil temperature was inconsistent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Post emergence seedling blight was higher at higher planting temperatures.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Post emergence seedling blight was higher when seeds were planted at higher temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatment did not consistently reduce post emergence seedling death across cultivars.
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with fungicidee0
- Outcome
- post emergence seedling deathe0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- not consistentlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Seed treatment with fungicide did not consistently reduce post emergence seedling death for all cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting date influenced preharvest seed infection by fungi.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Planting date influenced preharvest seed infection by various fungi and subsequent seed germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting date influenced subsequent seed germination.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Planting date influenced preharvest seed infection by various fungi and subsequent seed germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from May planting had significantly lower germination than seeds from June planting.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Seeds obtained from May planting had significantly lower germination than those from June planting dates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp., especially F. moniliforme, were the most prevalent fungi isolated from sorghum seed.
- Interactor
- Alternaria spp.
Alternariae0pathogen - Outcome
- most prevalente0
- Qualifier
- especially F. moniliformee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Of the fungi isolated; Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. especially F. moniliforme, were the most prevalent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium spp. incidence was significantly higher on seeds from May planting than June planting.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“The incidence of Fusarium spp., was significantly higher on seeds from May than from June planting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria spp. incidence was positively correlated with seed germination.
- Interactor
- Alternaria spp.Alternariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“incidence of Alternaria spp. and seed germination were positively correlated”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium spp. incidence was negatively correlated with germination of seeds from May plantings.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“the incidence of Fusarium spp. and germination of seeds from May plantings were negatively correlated”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings from Fusarium infected seeds were stunted, with reduced root and shoot growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“seedlings derived from Fusarium infected seeds were stunted, with reduced root and shoot growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Field seed infection by F. moniliforme was more damaging to sorghum than infection by other fungi.
- Interactor
- F. moniliforme
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- seed infection in the fielde0
- Direction
- more damaginge0
- Comparator
- other fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“seed infection in the field by F. moniliforme is more damaging to sorghum than infection by other fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum cultivar IS4225 was resistant to Fusarium seed infection.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the sorghum cultivars, IS4225 was resistant to Fusarium seed infection.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting sorghum above 20C soil temperature improves germination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planting sorghum at soil temperature above 20C improves germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatment increased sorghum emergence at lower soil temperature.
- Treatment
- seed treatment with fungicidese0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lower soil temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“At lower soil temperature, seed treatment with fungicides increased emergence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedborne Fusarium spp. reduces sorghum seed viability.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Seedborne Fusarium spp. reduces seed viability”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedborne Fusarium spp. might be involved in post emergence seedling blight.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SORGHUM”
e0“Seedborne Fusarium spp. reduces seed viability and might be involved in post emergence seedling blight.”
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See all 50 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.