Abstract
Abstract Large amounts of heavy metals have been released into the environment. Thus, the allelopathic effects of invasive alien species on the germination performance of co-occurring indigenous species may be altered or even heightened with the rapid growth in heavy metal pollution. This study evaluated the impacts of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) leaf extracts at concentrations of 0, 10 or 20 gl 1 on the germination of lettuce under different forms of heavy metal pollution (Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ or a combination of Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ ; 35 mgl 1) during incubation in Petri dishes for 10 days. Goldenrod leaf extracts (high concentration) reduced growth of aboveground and belowground parts of lettuce as well as competition for light and soil nutrients. However, low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts dramatically improved growth of lettuce roots, competition for light, soil nutrient availability, leaf photosynthetic area and growth competitiveness. The combination of goldenrod leaf extracts and heavy metal pollution was synergistic on most lettuce germination parameters, probably because high concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts together with heavy metal pollution had a synergistic negative impact on lettuce germination. Consequently, increased levels of heavy metal pollution may favour invasion of invasive alien species while largely suppressing germination of indigenous species.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
High-concentration goldenrod extracts reduced lettuce aboveground and belowground growth.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- Goldenrod leaf extracts (high concentration)e0
- Interactor
- Goldenrode0other
- Outcome
- growth of aboveground and belowground partse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Goldenrod leaf extracts (high concentration) reduced growth of aboveground and belowground parts of lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
High-concentration extracts reduced lettuce competition for light and soil nutrients.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Goldenrod leaf extracts (high concentration)e0
- Interactor
- Goldenrode0other
- Outcome
- competition for light and soil nutrientse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Goldenrod leaf extracts (high concentration) reduced growth of aboveground and belowground parts of lettuce as well as competition for light and soil nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration goldenrod extracts improved lettuce root growth and leaf photosynthetic area.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extractse0
- Interactor
- goldenrode0other
- Outcome
- growth of lettuce rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts dramatically improved growth of lettuce roots, competition for light, soil nutrient availability, leaf photosynthetic area and growth competitiveness”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration extracts improved lettuce competition for light and growth competitiveness.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extractse0
- Interactor
- goldenrode0other
- Outcome
- competition for lighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- growth competitivenesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts dramatically improved growth of lettuce roots, competition for light, soil nutrient availability, leaf photosynthetic area and growth competitiveness”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration extracts improved soil nutrient availability.
- Treatment
- low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extractse0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts dramatically improved growth of lettuce roots, competition for light, soil nutrient availability, leaf photosynthetic area and growth competitiveness”
Claim · model-written summary
Goldenrod extracts and heavy metals acted synergistically on most lettuce germination parameters.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- goldenrod leaf extracts and heavy metal pollutione0
- Interactor
- goldenrode0other
- Outcome
- lettuce germination parameterse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of goldenrod leaf extracts and heavy metal pollution was synergistic on most lettuce germination parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
High extract concentration with heavy metals synergistically reduced lettuce germination.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts together with heavy metal pollutione0
- Interactor
- goldenrode0other
- Outcome
- lettuce germinatione0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high concentrations of goldenrod leaf extracts together with heavy metal pollution had a synergistic negative impact on lettuce germination”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that increased heavy metals may favor invasion while suppressing indigenous species germination.
Verbatim
e0“increased levels of heavy metal pollution may favour invasion of invasive alien species while largely suppressing germination of indigenous species”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.