Abstract
Colored wheat is a valuable resource that is rich in anthocyanins and minerals and thus contributes additional nutritional value to a healthy human diet. However, the effects of nitrogen fertilization on anthocyanin content (AC) and the balance between quality and yield still merit discussion. In this study, blue, purple, and common-colored wheat genotypes were used to investigate three nutrient quality traits, seven processing quality traits, three yield traits and seven grain morphology traits at three nitrogen levels in two years to excavate their possible plasticity under low-nitrogen stress and the tradeoffs among these traits. The highest AC was found in the blue genotypes followed by the purple genotypes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that AC could be significantly increased by reducing N application, especially in the purple genotypes. Therefore, growing colored wheat with low nitrogen input could allow efficient harvesting of grain with higher AC. However, the other nutrient quality traits and most processing quality traits were observed to decrease under low-nitrogen (LN) stress. Additionally, a correlation analysis indicated that the nutrient quality traits had stable tradeoffs with thousand kernel weight at all N levels because of the significantly negative correlations among them. Therefore, the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to further identify the most suitable colored genotypes with the best yield potential and also nutrient quality relative characteristics under LN stress. The blue lines Lanmai2999 and purple varieties Zhongkezinuomai 168 were found to be specifically adapted to LN stress with the highest AC values and showed stable performance in the other nutrient quality- and yield-related features. To further investigate the possible mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in response to reduced N application, the expression of four genes (TaCHS, TaFDR, TaCHI and TaANS) involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway was evaluated. All four genes were downregulated under high nitrogen fertilizer application, indicating that anthocyanin synthesis in colored wheat might be inhibited by nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, this research provided information for optimizing nitrogen fertilizer management in producing colored wheat and also demonstrated that it is efficient and economical to plant colored wheat genotypes in nitrogen-poor areas for use in a healthy human diet, improving the benefits of wheat planting and facilitating nitrogen pollution control.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Blue wheat genotypes had the highest anthocyanin content, followed by purple genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- blue genotypese0
- Outcome
- ACe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- purple genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest AC was found in the blue genotypes followed by the purple genotypes.”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing nitrogen application significantly increased anthocyanin content, especially in purple wheat genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- purple genotypese0
- Treatment
- reducing N applicatione0
- Outcome
- ACe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AC could be significantly increased by reducing N application, especially in the purple genotypes.”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Other nutrient quality traits and most processing quality traits declined under low nitrogen stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low-nitrogen (LN) stresse0
- Outcome
- other nutrient quality traits and most processing quality traitse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the other nutrient quality traits and most processing quality traits were observed to decrease under low-nitrogen (LN) stress.”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient quality traits were significantly negatively correlated with thousand kernel weight at every nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- nutrient quality traitse0
- Direction
- negative correlationse0
- Qualifier
- at all N levelse0
- Comparator
- thousand kernel weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nutrient quality traits had stable tradeoffs with thousand kernel weight at all N levels because of the significantly negative correlations among them.”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Lanmai2999 was specifically adapted to low nitrogen stress with the highest anthocyanin content and stable other nutrient quality and yield traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Lanmai2999e0
- Treatment
- LN stresse0
- Outcome
- highest AC values and showed stable performance in the other nutrient quality- and yield-related featurese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blue lines Lanmai2999 and purple varieties Zhongkezinuomai 168 were found to be specifically adapted to LN stress with the highest AC values and showed stable performance in the other nutrient quality- and yield-related features.”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Zhongkezinuomai 168 was specifically adapted to low nitrogen stress with the highest anthocyanin content and stable other nutrient quality and yield traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Zhongkezinuomai 168e0
- Treatment
- LN stresse0
- Outcome
- highest AC values and showed stable performance in the other nutrient quality- and yield-related featurese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The blue lines Lanmai2999 and purple varieties Zhongkezinuomai 168 were found to be specifically adapted to LN stress with the highest AC values and showed stable performance in the other nutrient quality- and yield-related features.”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilizer application downregulated TaCHS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Gene
- TaCHSe1
- Outcome
- genese1
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four genes were downregulated under high nitrogen fertilizer application”
e1“four genes (TaCHS, TaFDR, TaCHI and TaANS)”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilizer application downregulated TaFDR.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Gene
- TaFDRe1
- Outcome
- genese1
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four genes were downregulated under high nitrogen fertilizer application”
e1“four genes (TaCHS, TaFDR, TaCHI and TaANS)”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilizer application downregulated TaCHI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Gene
- TaCHIe1
- Outcome
- genese1
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four genes were downregulated under high nitrogen fertilizer application”
e1“four genes (TaCHS, TaFDR, TaCHI and TaANS)”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilizer application downregulated TaANS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high nitrogen fertilizer applicatione0
- Gene
- TaANSe1
- Outcome
- genese1
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four genes were downregulated under high nitrogen fertilizer application”
e1“four genes (TaCHS, TaFDR, TaCHI and TaANS)”
t0“colored wheat genotypes”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: phytochemicals · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
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- no effect
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- negative
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- positive
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See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.