Abstract
Abiotic stress such as heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil limits crop production by disrupting plant's physiological activities and seed germination. Exogenous proline, hormone and compost have been used to induce growth and stress tolerance in crop but little is known about their interactive and anti-oxidative roles in crop exposed to heavy metal stress. This study assessed the effects of pre-sowing seed soaking with exogenous proline (P) and hormones (Gibberellic acid; GA and Indole-acetic acid; IAA) on the Pb accumulation, osmolytes (P, phenolics; PH and Glycine betaine; GB), Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and stress indexes (H 2 O 2 and malonialdehyde; MDA) of maize grown on compost amended Pb (23,959 mg kg -1 Pb) contaminated soil. Compost was applied at 20 t ha -1 and 40 t ha -1 , P, GA and IAA were applied at 10 mM and 5 mM solely and in combinations to give a total of 34 treatments including control (Distilled water only) and replicated 3 times. Except in IAA treatment, seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control. With regards to stress indexes G2+C1 gave the lowest values. Sole application of P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2 enhanced the production of proline in treated plants compared to combined application. Combination with compost was better than hormonal combination. A combination of P2 with C (40 t ha -1 ) (P2C2) gave the maximum chlorophyll content and reduced the endogenous GB and P. Treatment with P2C2 also reduced Pb accumulation in plant. In conclusion, exogenous application of hormones and proline in combination with organic amendment induces heavy metal tolerance in maize and increased protection against oxidative stress compared to contaminated control. The technique that can enhance crop growth on contaminated soil, reduce metal uptake and provide osmo-protection could be a promising approach.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Proline pretreatment and compost generally enhanced maize chlorophyll relative to control.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid pretreatment generally enhanced maize chlorophyll relative to control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost generally enhanced maize chlorophyll relative to control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline pretreatment generally reduced glycine betaine, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide and MDA.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid pretreatment generally reduced glycine betaine, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide and MDA.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed pre-treatments with exogenous P and GA and soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost generally reduced glycine betaine, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide and MDA.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil amendment with compost generally enhanced chlorophyll production in maize and reduced GB, carotenoids, H 2 O 2 and MDA in treated seeds compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
G2+C1 gave the lowest stress index values.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With regards to stress indexes G2+C1 gave the lowest values”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2 treatments enhanced endogenous proline relative to combined application.
- Treatment
- P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2e0
- Outcome
- production of prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- combined applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of P1, P2, C2, G1 and I2 enhanced the production of proline in treated plants compared to combined application”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combination with compost performed better than hormonal combination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combination with compost was better than hormonal combination”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P2 with compost at 40 t ha -1 gave maximum chlorophyll content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of P2 with C (40 t ha -1 ) (P2C2) gave the maximum chlorophyll content”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P2C2 reduced endogenous glycine betaine and proline.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P2C2) gave the maximum chlorophyll content and reduced the endogenous GB and P”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P2C2 reduced plant lead accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with P2C2 also reduced Pb accumulation in plant”
t0“maize”
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