Abstract
Light is an important factor influencing melatonin synthesis in response to cadmium treatment in rice. However, the effects of light quality on, and the involvement of phytochrome light receptors in, melatonin production have not been explored. In this study, we used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to investigate the effect of light wavelength on melatonin synthesis, and the role of phytochromes in light-dependent melatonin induction in rice. Upon cadmium treatment, peak melatonin production was observed under combined red and blue (R + B) light, followed by red (R) and blue light (B). However, both far-red (FR) LED light and dark treatment (D) failed to induce melatonin production. Similarly, rice seedlings grown under the R + B treatment showed the highest melatonin synthesis, followed by those grown under B and R. These findings were consistent with the results of our cadmium treatment experiment. To further confirm the effects of light quality on melatonin synthesis, we employed rice photoreceptor mutants lacking functional phytochrome genes. Melatonin induction was most inhibited in the phytochrome A mutant (phyA) followed by the phyB mutant under R + B treatment, whereas phyB produced the least amount of melatonin under R treatment. These results indicate that PhyB is an R light receptor. Expression analyses of genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis clearly demonstrated that tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) played a key role in phytochrome-mediated melatonin induction when rice seedlings were challenged with cadmium.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium, combined red and blue light gave peak melatonin production.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- combined red and blue (R + B) lighte0
- Outcome
- melatonin productione0
- Direction
- peake0
- Qualifier
- cadmium treatmente0
- Comparator
- red (R) and blue light (B)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon cadmium treatment, peak melatonin production was observed under combined red and blue (R + B) light, followed by red (R) and blue light (B)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium, red light followed combined red and blue light for melatonin production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- red (R)e0
- Outcome
- melatonin productione0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon cadmium treatment, peak melatonin production was observed under combined red and blue (R + B) light, followed by red (R) and blue light (B)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium, blue light followed red light for melatonin production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- blue light (B)e0
- Outcome
- melatonin productione0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon cadmium treatment, peak melatonin production was observed under combined red and blue (R + B) light, followed by red (R) and blue light (B)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light failed to induce melatonin production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- far-red (FR) LED lighte0
- Outcome
- melatonin productione0
- Direction
- failed to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both far-red (FR) LED light and dark treatment (D) failed to induce melatonin production”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark treatment failed to induce melatonin production.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- dark treatment (D)e0
- Outcome
- melatonin productione0
- Direction
- failed to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both far-red (FR) LED light and dark treatment (D) failed to induce melatonin production”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Without specified cadmium treatment, combined red and blue light gave the highest seedling melatonin synthesis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- R + B treatmente0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- B and Re0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice seedlings grown under the R + B treatment showed the highest melatonin synthesis, followed by those grown under B and R”
Claim · model-written summary
Without specified cadmium treatment, blue light ranked above red light for seedling melatonin synthesis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Comparator
- Re0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice seedlings grown under the R + B treatment showed the highest melatonin synthesis, followed by those grown under B and R”
Claim · model-written summary
Under red and blue light, phyA mutation most inhibited melatonin induction.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- phytochrome A mutant (phyA)e0
- Treatment
- R + B treatmente0
- Gene
- phyAe0
- Outcome
- Melatonin inductione0
- Direction
- most inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin induction was most inhibited in the phytochrome A mutant (phyA) followed by the phyB mutant under R + B treatment”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under red and blue light, phyB mutation inhibited melatonin induction less than phyA mutation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- phyB mutante0
- Treatment
- R + B treatmente0
- Gene
- phyBe0
- Outcome
- Melatonin inductione0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin induction was most inhibited in the phytochrome A mutant (phyA) followed by the phyB mutant under R + B treatment”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under red light, phyB mutant produced the least melatonin.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- phyBe0
- Treatment
- R treatmente0
- Gene
- phyBe0
- Outcome
- amount of melatonine0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phyB produced the least amount of melatonin under R treatment”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that PhyB is a red-light receptor.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- PhyBe0
- Outcome
- R light receptore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results indicate that PhyB is an R light receptor”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
TDC played a key role in phytochrome-mediated melatonin induction under cadmium.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- cadmiume0
- Gene
- tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC)e0
- Outcome
- phytochrome-mediated melatonin inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) played a key role in phytochrome-mediated melatonin induction when rice seedlings were challenged with cadmium”
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