Abstract
Abstract Global warming has increased the frequency and duration of high temperature (HT) stress. Photosynthesis determines yield in maize and is extremely HT sensitive. The effects of HT on photosynthesis in maize leaves have been strongly examined under controlled conditions. Here, to explore the mechanism and primary inhibitory sites of HT to photosynthesis, the HT sensitivity of photosynthesis in XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field by multiple methods. HT decreased leaf area and photosynthetic rate of unit leaf area and hence limited growth. HT disrupted chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structure, possibly delaying photosynthetic recovery after HT. These changes were greater in XY335 than ZD958. Stomatal conductance decreased significantly under HT, and this did not restrict CO 2 fixation but may weaken the heat dissipation through transpiration. HT caused photoinhibition of PSII but not PSI. HT damaged both the oxygen‐evolving complex, located at donor side of PSII, and electron transfer from Q A to Q B , located at acceptor side of PSII. Interference of electron transfer from Q A to Q B caused by degradation of Q B ‐binding (D1) protein was the primary site of PSII inhibition by HT in maize leaves. The different stomatal behaviour and photoinhibition sites under HT between maize and wheat were discussed.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature decreased leaf area in maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e2“HT decreased leaf area and photosynthetic rate of unit leaf area and hence limited growth”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature decreased the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area in maize.
- Material
- XY335 and ZD958e1
- Treatment
- HTe2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate of unit leaf areae2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e2“HT decreased leaf area and photosynthetic rate of unit leaf area and hence limited growth”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature limited growth of maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e2“HT decreased leaf area and photosynthetic rate of unit leaf area and hence limited growth”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature disrupted chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structure in maize leaves, possibly delaying photosynthetic recovery.
- Treatment
- HTe3
- Outcome
- chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structuree3
- Direction
- disruptede3
- Qualifier
- possibly delaying photosynthetic recovery after HTe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e3“HT disrupted chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structure, possibly delaying photosynthetic recovery after HT”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane changes under high temperature were greater in XY335 than in ZD958.
- Material
- XY335e4
- Treatment
- HTe4
- Outcome
- chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structuree4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- ZD958e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e4“HT disrupted chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structure, possibly delaying photosynthetic recovery after HT. These changes were greater in XY335 than ZD958”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature significantly decreased stomatal conductance in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e5“Stomatal conductance decreased significantly under HT, and this did not restrict CO 2 fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
The decrease in stomatal conductance under high temperature did not restrict CO2 fixation in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e5“Stomatal conductance decreased significantly under HT, and this did not restrict CO 2 fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced stomatal conductance may weaken heat dissipation through transpiration in maize under high temperature.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e6“this did not restrict CO 2 fixation but may weaken the heat dissipation through transpiration”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature caused photoinhibition of PSII in maize leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e7“HT caused photoinhibition of PSII but not PSI”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature did not cause photoinhibition of PSI in maize leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e7“HT caused photoinhibition of PSII but not PSI”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature damaged the oxygen-evolving complex on the donor side of PSII in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e2“HT damaged both the oxygen‐evolving complex, located at donor side of PSII, and electron transfer from Q A to Q B , located at acceptor side of PSII”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature damaged electron transfer from Q A to Q B on the acceptor side of PSII in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e2“HT damaged both the oxygen‐evolving complex, located at donor side of PSII, and electron transfer from Q A to Q B , located at acceptor side of PSII”
Claim · model-written summary
Degradation of the D1 protein, which interferes with electron transfer from Q A to Q B, was the primary site of PSII inhibition by high temperature in maize leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field”
e2“Interference of electron transfer from Q A to Q B caused by degradation of Q B‐binding (D1) protein was the primary site of PSII inhibition by HT in maize leaves”
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