Abstract
Abstract Long‐term field experiments are useful for determining cropping system productivity, stability, and resource use efficiency. With 12 yr (2004–2015) of data from five cropping systems on a long‐term experiment (> 30 yr) under semiarid conditions in Saskatchewan, Canada, a systems‐approach was used to compare grain and protein yield, stability, nitrogen (N) dynamics, N fertilizer (FUE G,P ), and available N use efficiency (NUE G,P ) for grain and protein. Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W). Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted. The ContW had below‐average stability and was better suited to high‐yielding conditions for grain. The W‐C‐W‐P consistently produced above‐average yields, and was best suited for high‐yielding conditions for grain and protein. The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUE G (26.4 g kg −1 ) and NUE P (4.1 g kg −1 ), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg −1 ); FUE was the reverse of NUE. This long‐term study showed that diversified cropping systems that include pulses can more consistently produce higher grain and protein yields, regardless of growing conditions, than most other systems with lower N fertilizer inputs, thereby potentially reducing the negative environmental consequences associated with N fertilizer application.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-canola-wheat-field pea (W-C-W-P) grain yield was 14 to 38% higher than the other cropping systems.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- W‐C‐W‐Pe1
- Outcome
- graine1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 14 to 38%e1
- Comparator
- continuous wheat (ContW)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-canola-wheat-field pea (W-C-W-P) protein yield was 33 to 66% higher than the other cropping systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- W‐C‐W‐Pe1
- Outcome
- proteine1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 33 to 66%e1
- Comparator
- continuous wheat (ContW)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
Claim · model-written summary
Annualized grain yield of the W-C-W-P system was 2244 kg/ha.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
Claim · model-written summary
Annualized protein yield of the W-C-W-P system was 372 kg/ha.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow systems were the most stable cropping systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fallow systemse2
- Outcome
- most stablee2
- Direction
- most stablee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow systems were less productive than the other cropping systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fallow systemse2
- Outcome
- less productivee2
- Direction
- less productivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow systems were well adapted to low-yielding conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fallow systemse2
- Outcome
- well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditionse2
- Direction
- well‐adaptede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted”
Claim · model-written summary
GM-W-W was the least stable cropping system.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GM‐W‐We2
- Outcome
- least stablee2
- Direction
- least stablee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted”
Claim · model-written summary
GM-W-W was poorly adapted to the growing conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GM‐W‐We2
- Outcome
- poorly adaptede2
- Direction
- poorly adaptede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted”
Claim · model-written summary
The ContW system had below-average stability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ContWe2
- Outcome
- below‐average stabilitye2
- Direction
- below‐averagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“The ContW had below‐average stability and was better suited to high‐yielding conditions for grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The ContW system was better suited to high-yielding conditions for grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ContWe2
- Outcome
- better suited to high‐yielding conditions for graine2
- Direction
- better suitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e2“The ContW had below‐average stability and was better suited to high‐yielding conditions for grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The W-C-W-P system consistently produced above-average yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- W‐C‐W‐Pe3
- Outcome
- above‐average yieldse3
- Direction
- above‐averagee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e3“The W‐C‐W‐P consistently produced above‐average yields, and was best suited for high‐yielding conditions for grain and protein”
Claim · model-written summary
The W-C-W-P system was best suited to high-yielding conditions for grain and protein.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- W‐C‐W‐Pe3
- Outcome
- best suited for high‐yielding conditions for grain and proteine3
- Direction
- best suitede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e3“The W‐C‐W‐P consistently produced above‐average yields, and was best suited for high‐yielding conditions for grain and protein”
Claim · model-written summary
The ContW system had the highest NUE for grain, at 26.4 g/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ContWe4
- Outcome
- NUE Ge4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 26.4e4
- Qualifier
- g kg −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e4“The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUE G (26.4 g kg −1 ) and NUE P (4.1 g kg −1 ), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg −1 ); FUE was the reverse of NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
The W-C-W-P system had the highest NUE for protein, at 4.1 g/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- W‐C‐W‐Pe4
- Outcome
- NUE Pe4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 4.1e4
- Qualifier
- g kg −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e4“The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUE G (26.4 g kg −1 ) and NUE P (4.1 g kg −1 ), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg −1 ); FUE was the reverse of NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
The GM-W-W system had the lowest NUE for grain, at 18.1 g/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GM‐W‐We4
- Outcome
- NUE Ge4
- Direction
- the loweste4
- Value
- 18.1e4
- Qualifier
- g kg −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e4“The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUE G (26.4 g kg −1 ) and NUE P (4.1 g kg −1 ), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg −1 ); FUE was the reverse of NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
The GM-W-W system had the lowest NUE for protein, at 2.7 g/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- GM‐W‐We4
- Outcome
- NUE Pe4
- Direction
- the loweste4
- Value
- 2.7e4
- Qualifier
- g kg −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e4“The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUE G (26.4 g kg −1 ) and NUE P (4.1 g kg −1 ), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg −1 ); FUE was the reverse of NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
FUE was the reverse of NUE across the cropping systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- FUEe4
- Direction
- the reversee4
- Comparator
- NUEe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e4“The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUE G (26.4 g kg −1 ) and NUE P (4.1 g kg −1 ), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg −1 ); FUE was the reverse of NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Diversified cropping systems that include pulses more consistently produce higher grain and protein yields, regardless of growing conditions, than most other systems with lower N fertilizer inputs.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- diversified cropping systems that include pulsese5
- Outcome
- higher grain and protein yieldse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Qualifier
- regardless of growing conditionse5
- Comparator
- most other systems with lower N fertilizer inputse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola ( Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea ( Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha −1 , respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W)”
e5“This long‐term study showed that diversified cropping systems that include pulses can more consistently produce higher grain and protein yields, regardless of growing conditions, than most other systems with lower N fertilizer inputs”
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