Abstract
Abstract Pre-sowing treatment of red clover seeds with cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF) was applied aiming to evaluate changes induced in germination and early seedling growth under controlled laboratory conditions, and to estimate treatment effects on plant growth, biomass production, nutritional value and the amounts of major leaf secondary metabolites under long-term field experimental conditions. The effects of seed treatment using radio-frequency EMF (5, 10, 15 min) and CP (2, 5, and 7 min) on seed germination kinetics, morphometric parameters of seedlings were assessed for two cultivars of red clover—‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’. Long-term observations revealed that the effects of seed treatments persist for the entire vegetation season, while the observed effects on germination (CP increased germination rate by 4%–20%) do not provide sufficient information to predict the impact on plants on a longer time scale. The effects on morphometric parameters were dependent on plant cultivar, and were much stronger (up to 24% for ‘Sadūnai’ and 49% for ‘Vyčiai’) after growing the plants in the field for 5 months in comparison to the effects (absent or below 10%) observed in the early growth stages. A minor improvement of nutritional value per biomass unit was observed for ‘Vyčiai’. Protein yield per plant increased substantially (up to 70%). Pre-sowing seed treatment with CP and EMF had an obvious impact on the amounts of major isoflavones in leaves, and the nature of these changes strongly depended on the vegetation stage of plants (before flowering or at flowering stage). CP treatment for 5 min was found to be the most effective in this respect in not flowering plants, inducing a strong increase in biochanin A/formononetin ratio in leaves of both cultivars. However, an opposite effect was observed in the flowering plants, where the CP and EMF treatments decreased biochanin A/formononetin ratio.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cold plasma increased red clover germination rate by 4%–20%.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratensee0 - Treatment
- CPe1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4%–20%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red clover seeds with cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF)”
e1“CP increased germination rate by 4%–20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment effects on morphometric parameters depended on red clover cultivar.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Material
- ‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’e0
- Outcome
- effects on morphometric parameterse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two cultivars of red clover—‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’”
e1“The effects on morphometric parameters were dependent on plant cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
For ‘Sadūnai’, morphometric effects reached 24% after five months of field growth and were stronger than in early growth.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Material
- ‘Sadūnai’e1
- Outcome
- effects on morphometric parameterse2
- Direction
- much strongere1
- Value
- 24%e1
- Qualifier
- absent or below 10%e1
- Comparator
- early growth stagese1
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two cultivars of red clover—‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’”
e1“much stronger (up to 24% for ‘Sadūnai’ and 49% for ‘Vyčiai’) after growing the plants in the field for 5 months in comparison to the effects (absent or below 10%) observed in the early growth stages”
e2“The effects on morphometric parameters were dependent on plant cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
For ‘Vyčiai’, morphometric effects reached 49% after five months of field growth and were stronger than in early growth.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Material
- ‘Vyčiai’e1
- Outcome
- effects on morphometric parameterse2
- Direction
- much strongere1
- Value
- 49%e1
- Qualifier
- absent or below 10%e1
- Comparator
- early growth stagese1
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two cultivars of red clover—‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’”
e1“much stronger (up to 24% for ‘Sadūnai’ and 49% for ‘Vyčiai’) after growing the plants in the field for 5 months in comparison to the effects (absent or below 10%) observed in the early growth stages”
e2“The effects on morphometric parameters were dependent on plant cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutritional value per biomass unit improved slightly for ‘Vyčiai’.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Material
- ‘Vyčiai’e1
- Outcome
- nutritional value per biomass unite1
- Direction
- improvemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two cultivars of red clover—‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’”
e1“A minor improvement of nutritional value per biomass unit was observed for ‘Vyčiai’”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein yield per red clover plant increased by up to 70%.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Outcome
- Protein yield per plante1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 70%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red clover seeds with cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF)”
e1“Protein yield per plant increased substantially (up to 70%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold plasma and electromagnetic field seed treatments altered major leaf isoflavone amounts, with effects depending on vegetation stage.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Pre-sowing seed treatment with CP and EMFe1
- Outcome
- amounts of major isoflavones in leavese1
- Qualifier
- before flowering or at flowering stagee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red clover seeds with cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF)”
e1“Pre-sowing seed treatment with CP and EMF had an obvious impact on the amounts of major isoflavones in leaves, and the nature of these changes strongly depended on the vegetation stage of plants (before flowering or at flowering stage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Five minutes of cold plasma increased the leaf biochanin A/formononetin ratio in both cultivars before flowering.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Material
- both cultivarse1
- Organ / stage
- not flowering plantse1
- Treatment
- CP treatment for 5 mine1
- Outcome
- biochanin A/formononetin ratio in leavese1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two cultivars of red clover—‘Vyčiai’ and ‘Sadūnai’”
e1“CP treatment for 5 min was found to be the most effective in this respect in not flowering plants, inducing a strong increase in biochanin A/formononetin ratio in leaves of both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold plasma and electromagnetic field treatments decreased the biochanin A/formononetin ratio in flowering plants.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratensee0
- Organ / stage
- flowering plantse1
- Treatment
- CP and EMF treatmentse1
- Outcome
- biochanin A/formononetin ratioe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red clover seeds with cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF)”
e1“in the flowering plants, where the CP and EMF treatments decreased biochanin A/formononetin ratio”
The same questions in other papers
cold · molecular: metabolites · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
cold · growth · Trifolium pratense (red clover)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.