Abstract
The wastewater from the Razi petrochemical complex contains high levels of salts and heavy metals. In the present research, the effects of different wastewater dilution levels (0, 25%, 50%, and 100%) were studied on two wheat cultivars—Chamran and Behrang. The wastewater contained high levels of NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, and SO42-, and Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, M, and Ni. The toxic levels of mineral elements in the wastewater resulted in a significant decline in the K, P, Si, and Zn content of leaves. Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments. The reduction in photosynthesis was followed by a significant decrease in the carbohydrate content and, subsequently, plant height, leaf area, and grain yield. Increasing the wastewater concentration reduced leaf thickness and root diameter, accounting for the decrease in xylem and phloem vessels, the root cortical parenchyma, and mesophyll thickness. The bulliform cell size increased under wastewater treatment, which may suggest induction of a defense system against water loss through leaf rolling. Based on the observed negative effect of wastewater on physiology, morphology, anatomy, and yield of two wheat cultivars, reusing wastewater with high levels of total suspended solids and salts for irrigation cannot be approved for wheat crops.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The wastewater contained high levels of NH4+, NO3-, PO43- and SO42-.
- Outcome
- high levels of NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, and SO42-e1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“The wastewater contained high levels of NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, and SO42-”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater irrigation significantly decreased leaf K, P, Si and Zn content in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivumt1 - Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- wastewatere2
- Outcome
- K, P, Si, and Zn content of leavese2
- Direction
- declinee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“The toxic levels of mineral elements in the wastewater resulted in a significant decline in the K, P, Si, and Zn content of leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater irrigation significantly reduced chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS) in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Irrigation with the wastewatere3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS)e3
- Direction
- significant reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater irrigation significantly reduced intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis and water use efficiency in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Irrigation with the wastewatere3
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- significant reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater irrigation significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Irrigation with the wastewatere3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse3
- Direction
- significant reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater irrigation significantly decreased carbohydrate content in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Irrigation with the wastewatere3
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contente4
- Direction
- decreasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments”
e4“The reduction in photosynthesis was followed by a significant decrease in the carbohydrate content and, subsequently, plant height, leaf area, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater irrigation decreased plant height, leaf area and grain yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Irrigation with the wastewatere3
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, and grain yielde4
- Direction
- decreasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments”
e4“The reduction in photosynthesis was followed by a significant decrease in the carbohydrate content and, subsequently, plant height, leaf area, and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing wastewater concentration reduced leaf thickness and root diameter in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Increasing the wastewater concentratione5
- Outcome
- leaf thickness and root diametere5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Increasing the wastewater concentration reduced leaf thickness and root diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing wastewater concentration decreased xylem and phloem vessels, root cortical parenchyma and mesophyll thickness in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Increasing the wastewater concentratione5
- Outcome
- xylem and phloem vessels, the root cortical parenchyma, and mesophyll thicknesse6
- Direction
- decreasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Increasing the wastewater concentration reduced leaf thickness and root diameter”
e6“accounting for the decrease in xylem and phloem vessels, the root cortical parenchyma, and mesophyll thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulliform cell size increased under wastewater treatment in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- wastewater treatmente7
- Outcome
- bulliform cell sizee7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“The bulliform cell size increased under wastewater treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulliform cell enlargement may indicate induction of a defense system against water loss through leaf rolling in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt1
- Outcome
- induction of a defense systeme0
- Qualifier
- against water loss through leaf rollinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“which may suggest induction of a defense system against water loss through leaf rolling”
Claim · model-written summary
Wastewater with high suspended solids and salts should not be approved for irrigating wheat crops.
- Taxon
- wheat cropsTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- reusing wastewater with high levels of total suspended solids and salts for irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reusing wastewater with high levels of total suspended solids and salts for irrigation cannot be approved for wheat crops”
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