Abstract
Abstract Farmers benefit from ecosystem services that cover crops provide, but time constraints limit the opportunity to seed cover crops following corn ( Zea mays L.) harvest in the upper Midwest. Interseeding cover crops in corn during the early vegetative growth stages lengthens the cover crop growing season; however, cover crops may have difficulty establishing in standing corn, or conversely, compete with corn and reduce yield. The objectives of this research were to determine cover crop establishment when broadcast interseeded in corn from the V2–V7 growth stages, suppression of weeds by cover crops, and effects of cover crops on corn grain yield. Annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), oilseed radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), and a three‐species mixture were interseeded in four site‐years in Michigan. Annual ryegrass density was highest compared with oilseed radish and crimson clover 30 d after interseeding and at harvest in October. Cover crop density was highest at the V4–V7 interseeding timings. Annual ryegrass produced more fall biomass (186 kg ha −1 ) compared with crimson clover (112 kg ha −1 ), and fall biomass was greatest at the V2, V3, and V5 interseeding timings. Spring biomass was 384 and 180 kg ha −1 for annual ryegrass and the cover crop mixture, respectively; these treatments reduced winter annual weed biomass. Corn grain yield was unaffected by cover crops at any interseeding timing. Crimson clover did not establish well in this experiment. Annual ryegrass and oilseed radish interseeded in V2–V7 corn did not reduce corn grain yield.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Annual ryegrass density exceeded oilseed radish density after interseeding and at harvest.
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass density was highest compared with oilseed radish and crimson clover 30 d after interseeding and at harvest in October.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual ryegrass density exceeded crimson clover density after interseeding and at harvest.
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass density was highest compared with oilseed radish and crimson clover 30 d after interseeding and at harvest in October.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop density was highest with V4–V7 interseeding.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crop density was highest at the V4–V7 interseeding timings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual ryegrass produced 186 kg ha −1 fall biomass versus 112 kg ha −1 for crimson clover.
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass produced more fall biomass (186 kg ha −1 ) compared with crimson clover (112 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall biomass was greatest at V2, V3, and V5 timings.
Verbatim
e0“fall biomass was greatest at the V2, V3, and V5 interseeding timings.”
t0“cover crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual ryegrass spring biomass was 384 kg ha −1.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Spring biomass was 384 and 180 kg ha −1 for annual ryegrass and the cover crop mixture, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop mixture spring biomass was 180 kg ha −1.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Spring biomass was 384 and 180 kg ha −1 for annual ryegrass and the cover crop mixture, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual ryegrass reduced winter annual weed biomass.
- Taxon
- annual ryegrasse1
- Treatment
- annual ryegrasse1
- Interactor
- winter annual weede0weed
- Outcome
- winter annual weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“these treatments reduced winter annual weed biomass.”
e1“annual ryegrass and the cover crop mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
The cover crop mixture reduced winter annual weed biomass.
- Taxon
- cover crop mixturee1
- Treatment
- cover crop mixturee1
- Interactor
- winter annual weede0weed
- Outcome
- winter annual weed biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“these treatments reduced winter annual weed biomass.”
e1“annual ryegrass and the cover crop mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops did not affect corn grain yield at any interseeding timing.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- cover cropse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn grain yield was unaffected by cover crops at any interseeding timing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crimson clover established poorly.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Crimson clover did not establish well in this experiment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual ryegrass interseeded at V2–V7 did not reduce corn grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Annual ryegrasse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass and oilseed radish interseeded in V2–V7 corn did not reduce corn grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oilseed radish interseeded at V2–V7 did not reduce corn grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- oilseed radishe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass and oilseed radish interseeded in V2–V7 corn did not reduce corn grain yield.”
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