Abstract
The present study addresses the effects of Trichoderma-based biostimulants and nitrogen (N) fertilization levels on agronomic performance and functional quality of two important greenhouse leafy vegetables: lettuce and rocket. A factorial analysis of the relative effects of Trichoderma-based biostimulants (Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 and Trichoderma virens strain GV41) and N fertilization levels (sub-optimal, optimal, and supra-optimal) was carried out to evaluate crop productive behavior (marketable and unmarketable yields, leaf dry matter content, and biomass production), nitrogen nutrition (N uptake, apparent N recovery, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)) as well as phytochemical qualitative components (antioxidant activity and total polyphenols). The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index in both leafy vegetables and leaf colorimetry only in rocket were mainly affected by N fertilization levels but not by Trichoderma-based biostimulants. The contribution of native mineral N was 60 and 100 kg N ha−1 of the total uptake in lettuce and rocket, respectively, and N surpluses were observed in both crops, even under optimal fertilization conditions. Trichoderma virens GV41-based biostimulant increased lettuce marketable yield and biomass production, both under optimal and sub-optimal fertilization. In addition, the same treatment increased NUE up to 116% under recommended N fertilization, that was also associated to an increase in phenol content and antioxidant activity. Rocket showed a clear effect of the Trichoderma virens GV41 treatment, only in absence of fertilization, demonstrating an increase in marketable yield and N uptake. Thus, the inoculation of rocket with this Trichoderma biostimulant can be considered as a useful management tool in leafy vegetable cropping systems for the efficient use of residual fertilizers from previous crops, enhancing NUE within the crop rotations. Nevertheless, the application of microbial biostimulant treatments requires good monitoring of soil N fertility in order to avoid an overexploitation of soil N supplying potential.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen level mainly affected SPAD index in both leafy vegetables.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- N fertilization levelse0
- Outcome
- soil plant analysis development (SPAD) indexe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index in both leafy vegetables and leaf colorimetry only in rocket were mainly affected by N fertilization levels but not by Trichoderma-based biostimulants.”
t0“two important greenhouse leafy vegetables: lettuce and rocket”
Claim · model-written summary
Native mineral nitrogen contributed 60 kg N ha−1 to lettuce uptake.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- contribution of native mineral Ne0
- Value
- 60 and 100 kg N ha−1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contribution of native mineral N was 60 and 100 kg N ha−1 of the total uptake in lettuce and rocket, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Native mineral nitrogen contributed 100 kg N ha−1 to rocket uptake.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The contribution of native mineral N was 60 and 100 kg N ha−1 of the total uptake in lettuce and rocket, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen surplus occurred in both crops even with optimal fertilization.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- N surplusese0
- Qualifier
- even under optimal fertilization conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N surpluses were observed in both crops, even under optimal fertilization conditions.”
t0“two important greenhouse leafy vegetables: lettuce and rocket”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma virens GV41 increased lettuce marketable yield and biomass under optimal and suboptimal fertilization.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma virens GV41-based biostimulante0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma virens GV41Trichoderma virense0symbiont
- Outcome
- lettuce marketable yield and biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both under optimal and sub-optimal fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma virens GV41-based biostimulant increased lettuce marketable yield and biomass production, both under optimal and sub-optimal fertilization.”
Claim · model-written summary
The GV41 treatment increased lettuce NUE up to 116% under recommended fertilization.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma virens GV41e1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma virens GV41Trichoderma virense1symbiont
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 116%e0
- Qualifier
- under recommended N fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment increased NUE up to 116% under recommended N fertilization”
e1“Trichoderma virens GV41-based biostimulant increased lettuce marketable yield”
Claim · model-written summary
GV41 treatment increased lettuce phenol content and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Trichodermae1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae1symbiont - Outcome
- phenol content and antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that was also associated to an increase in phenol content and antioxidant activity.”
e1“Trichoderma virens GV41-based biostimulant increased lettuce marketable yield”
Claim · model-written summary
GV41 increased rocket marketable yield and nitrogen uptake without fertilization.
- Taxon
- Rockete0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma virens GV41 treatmente0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma virens GV41Trichoderma virense0symbiont
- Outcome
- marketable yield and N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- only in absence of fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Rocket showed a clear effect of the Trichoderma virens GV41 treatment, only in absence of fertilization, demonstrating an increase in marketable yield and N uptake.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend GV41 inoculation for efficient use of residual fertilizer in rocket rotations.
- Taxon
- rockete0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- inoculation of rocket with this Trichoderma biostimulante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation of rocket with this Trichoderma biostimulant can be considered as a useful management tool in leafy vegetable cropping systems for the efficient use of residual fertilizers from previous crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend monitoring soil nitrogen fertility when applying microbial biostimulants.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- good monitoring of soil N fertilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of microbial biostimulant treatments requires good monitoring of soil N fertility in order to avoid an overexploitation of soil N supplying potential.”
t0“two important greenhouse leafy vegetables: lettuce and rocket”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma virens · nutrient: efficiency · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma · quality: phytochemicals · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
other · quality: postharvest · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.