Abstract
Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, and their temporal variations in relation to soil fertility under supplemental irrigation conditions in a fluvo-aquic region. For this, we established a split-plot experiment for two consecutive years (2014–2015 and 2015–2016) in the field with three levels of soil moisture: water deficit to no irrigation (W1), medium irrigation to (70±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage (W2), and adequate irrigation to (80±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage (W3); and three levels of nitrogen: 0 kg ha−1 (N1), 195 kg ha−1 (N2) and 270 kg ha−1 (N3). Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities. Soil microbiological properties showed different trends in response to N level; the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2, while the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3. In addition, these items performed best under medium irrigation (W2) relative to W1 and W3; particularly the maximum microorganism (bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×107 and 6.35×107 CFUs g−1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively; and these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time but their seasonality did not hamper the irrigation and fertilization-induced effects. Further, the highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha−1 were both obtained at W2N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively. The selected properties, soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined treatment (W2N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and nitrogen application increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase had their highest values under N2.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N2e0
- Outcome
- highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Actinobacteria, fungi and urease had their highest levels under N3.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and ureasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbiological and enzyme properties performed best under W2 compared with W1 and W3.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium irrigation (W2)e0
- Outcome
- performed beste0
- Direction
- beste0
- Comparator
- W1 and W3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these items performed best under medium irrigation (W2) relative to W1 and W3”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At W2, microorganism amounts exceeded W3 by 5.37×107 CFUs g−1 in 2014–2015.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2e0
- Outcome
- microorganism (bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amountse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.37×107e0
- Qualifier
- 2014–2015e0
- Comparator
- W3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum microorganism (bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×107 and 6.35×107 CFUs g−1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At W2, microorganism amounts exceeded W3 by 6.35×107 CFUs g−1 in 2015–2016.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2e0
- Outcome
- microorganism (bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amountse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.35×107 CFUs g−1e0
- Qualifier
- 2015–2016e0
- Comparator
- W3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum microorganism (bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×107 and 6.35×107 CFUs g−1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time, with comparable changes in both seasons.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over timee0
- Qualifier
- similar in both growing seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W2N2 produced the highest grain yield of 13 309.2 kg ha−1 in 2014–2015.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2N2e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 13 309.2e0
- Qualifier
- 2014–2015e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha−1 were both obtained at W2N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W2N2 produced the highest grain yield of 12 885.7 kg ha−1 in 2015–2016.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W2N2e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12 885.7 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 2015–2016e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha−1 were both obtained at W2N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microorganisms and enzymes were significantly correlated with wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil microorganisms and enzymese0
Not reportedInteractorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil microorganisms and enzymes were considered valuable soil-quality indicators.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- valuable indicators of soil qualitye0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality”
Claim · model-written summary
W2N2 significantly improved soil microbiological properties, fertility and wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined treatment (W2N2)e0
- Outcome
- soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- Huanghuai Plain, Chinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined treatment (W2N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China”
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See all 29 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.