Abstract
The initiation and induction of root primordia are of great importance for adventitious root (AR) formation in cutting propagation of horticultural and forestry crops. However, the underlying mechanisms orchestrating these early phases of AR formation remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the physiological and transcriptomic changes during the early AR phases in mulberry stem hardwood cuttings. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble proteins increased, whereas concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were decreased. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin had a rapid transit peak at 6 h after planting (hAP) and declined thereafter. The activities of peroxidase and catalase persistently increased and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase was maintained at a higher stable level from 0 hAP, while the activities of polyphenol oxidase fluctuated with soluble phenolics and IAA levels. The comparative transcriptome identified 4276 common genes that were differentially regulated at -6, 0 and 54 hAP. They were separated into five clusters with distinct biological functions such as defense response and photosynthesis. Considerable common genes were assigned to pathways of sugar metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and circadian rhythm. The gene co-expression network analysis revealed three major co-expressed modules involved in stress responses, hormone signaling, energy metabolism, starch metabolism, and circadian rhythm. These findings demonstrate the positive effect of auxin on AR induction, and uncovered the crucial roles of stress responses, hormone signaling and circadian rhythm in coordinating the physiological changes during the early phases of AR formation in mulberry stem hardwood cuttings.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble protein concentrations increased during early rooting.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“concentrations of soluble proteins increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugars and starch concentrations decreased.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA and zeatin peaked at six hours after planting and then declined.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin had a rapid transit peak at 6 h after planting (hAP) and declined thereafter”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase and catalase activities persistently increased.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“The activities of peroxidase and catalase persistently increased”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA oxidase activity stayed at a higher stable level from planting.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“indole-3-acetic acid oxidase was maintained at a higher stable level from 0 hAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenol oxidase activity fluctuated with soluble phenolics and IAA levels.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“the activities of polyphenol oxidase fluctuated with soluble phenolics and IAA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome comparison found 4276 common differentially regulated genes at three time points.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“The comparative transcriptome identified 4276 common genes that were differentially regulated at -6, 0 and 54 hAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially regulated genes formed five functional clusters.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“They were separated into five clusters with distinct biological functions such as defense response and photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Common genes were assigned to sugar metabolism, MAP kinase and circadian rhythm pathways.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“Considerable common genes were assigned to pathways of sugar metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and circadian rhythm”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-expression analysis found three modules involved in stress, hormone, energy, starch and circadian functions.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“The gene co-expression network analysis revealed three major co-expressed modules involved in stress responses, hormone signaling, energy metabolism, starch metabolism, and circadian rhythm”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret auxin as positively affecting adventitious root induction.
Verbatim
t0“Mulberry”
e0“positive effect of auxin on AR induction”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret stress responses, hormone signaling and circadian rhythm as coordinating early rooting physiology.
Verbatim
e0“crucial roles of stress responses, hormone signaling and circadian rhythm in coordinating the physiological changes during the early phases of AR formation in mulberry stem hardwood cuttings”