Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the application of increasing proportions (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of an admixture of PCB-contaminated Hudson River sediment collected from the Upper Hudson River, near Waterford, Saratoga county (New York, USA) on soil properties, phytotoxicity, and biometric and physiological responses of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv 'Wisconsin SMR 58') and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. cv 'Black Beauty') grown as potential phyto- and rhizoremediators. The experiment was performed for 4 weeks in a growth chamber under controlled conditions. Amendment of Hudson River sediment to soil led to a gradual increase in PCB content of the substratum from 13.7 μg/kg (with 10% sediment) to 255 μg/kg (with 100% sediment). Sediment amendment showed no phytotoxic effects during the initial stages, even Lepidium sativum root growth was stimulated; however, this positive response diminished following a 4-week growth period, with the greatest inhibition observed in unplanted soil and zucchini-planted soil. The stimulatory effect remained high for cucumber treatments. The sediment admixture also increased cucurbit fresh biomass as compared to control samples, especially at lower doses of sediment admixture, even though PCB content of the soil amended with sediment increased. Cucurbits' leaf surface area, in turn, demonstrated an increase for zucchini, however only for 50% and 75% sediment admixture, while cucumber showed no changes when lower doses were applied and decrease for 75% and 100% sediment admixture. Chlorophyll a + b decreased significantly in sediment-amended soils, with greater inhibition observed for cucumber than zucchini. Our results suggest that admixture of riverine sediment from relatively less-contaminated locations may be used as soil amendments under controlled conditions; however, further detailed investigation on the fate of pollutants is required, especially in terms of the bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties of PCBs, before contaminated sediment can be applied in an open environment.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment raised soil PCB content from 13.7 to 255 μg/kg.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Amendment of Hudson River sediment to soil led to a gradual increase in PCB content of the substratum from 13.7 μg/kg (with 10% sediment) to 255 μg/kg (with 100% sediment).”
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment had no initial phytotoxic effect on plants.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“Sediment amendment showed no phytotoxic effects during the initial stages, even Lepidium sativum root growth was stimulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment stimulated Lepidium sativum root growth initially.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum
Lepidium sativume1 - Treatment
- Sediment amendmente1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sediment amendment showed no phytotoxic effects during the initial stages, even Lepidium sativum root growth was stimulated”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive response diminished after four weeks.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e2“this positive response diminished following a 4-week growth period, with the greatest inhibition observed in unplanted soil and zucchini-planted soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber retained a strong stimulatory response.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse3 - Outcome
- stimulatory effecte3
- Direction
- remained highe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The stimulatory effect remained high for cucumber treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment increased cucurbit fresh biomass versus controls.
Verbatim
e4“The sediment admixture also increased cucurbit fresh biomass as compared to control samples, especially at lower doses of sediment admixture”
Claim · model-written summary
Zucchini leaf area increased with 50% and 75% sediment.
- Taxon
- zucchini
Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepoe5 - Treatment
- 50% and 75% sediment admixturee5
- Outcome
- leaf surface areae5
- Direction
- increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Cucurbits’ leaf surface area, in turn, demonstrated an increase for zucchini, however only for 50% and 75% sediment admixture, while cucumber showed no changes when lower doses were applied and decrease for 75% and 100% sediment admixture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber leaf area did not change at lower sediment doses.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse5
- Treatment
- lower dosese5
- Outcome
- leaf surface areae5
- Direction
- no changese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Cucurbits’ leaf surface area, in turn, demonstrated an increase for zucchini, however only for 50% and 75% sediment admixture, while cucumber showed no changes when lower doses were applied and decrease for 75% and 100% sediment admixture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber leaf area declined with 75% and 100% sediment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse5
- Treatment
- 75% and 100% sediment admixturee5
- Outcome
- leaf surface areae5
- Direction
- decreasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Cucurbits’ leaf surface area, in turn, demonstrated an increase for zucchini, however only for 50% and 75% sediment admixture, while cucumber showed no changes when lower doses were applied and decrease for 75% and 100% sediment admixture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment significantly decreased chlorophyll a + b.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse6
- Treatment
- sediment-amended soilse6
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a + be6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Chlorophyll a + b decreased significantly in sediment-amended soils, with greater inhibition observed for cucumber than zucchini.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll inhibition was greater in cucumber than zucchini.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse6
- Outcome
- inhibitione6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Comparator
- zucchinie6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Chlorophyll a + b decreased significantly in sediment-amended soils, with greater inhibition observed for cucumber than zucchini.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relatively less contaminated sediment may be used as a soil amendment under controlled conditions.
- Outcome
- may be used as soil amendments under controlled conditionse7
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e7“admixture of riverine sediment from relatively less-contaminated locations may be used as soil amendments under controlled conditions; however, further detailed investigation on the fate of pollutants is required”
The same questions in other papers
other · growth · Lepidium sativumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.