Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis is the Gram-positive causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, an economically devastating disease with a worldwide distribution. C. michiganensis colonizes the xylem, leading to unilateral wilt, stem canker, and plant death. C. michiganensis can also infect developing tomato fruit through splash dispersal, forming exterior bird’s eye lesions. There are no documented sources of qualitative resistance in Solanum spp.; however, quantitative trait loci conferring tolerance in Solanum arcanum and Solanum habrochaites have been identified. Mechanisms of tolerance and C. michiganensis colonization patterns in wild tomato species remain poorly understood. This study describes differences in symptom development and colonization patterns of the wild type (WT) and a hypervirulent bacterial expansin knockout (ΔCmEXLX2) in wild and cultivated tomato genotypes. Overall, WT and ΔCmEXLX2 cause less severe symptoms in wild tomato species and are impeded in spread and colonization of the vascular system. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe preferential colonization of protoxylem vessels and reduced intravascular spread in wild tomatoes. Differences in C. michiganensis in vitro growth and aggregation were determined in xylem sap, which may suggest that responses to pathogen colonization are occurring, leading to reduced colonization density in wild tomato species. Finally, wild tomato fruit was determined to be susceptible to C. michiganensis through in vivo inoculations and assessing lesion numbers and size. Fruit symptom severity was in some cases unrelated to severity of symptoms during vascular infection, suggesting different mechanisms for colonization of different tissues.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Wild tomato species developed less severe symptoms from both wild-type and expansin-knockout bacteria.
- Taxon
- wild tomato speciese0
- Material
- wild tomato speciese0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis
Clavibacter michiganensise1pathogen - Outcome
- symptomse0
- Direction
- less severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WT and ΔCmEXLX2 cause less severe symptoms in wild tomato species”
e1“Clavibacter michiganensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Both bacterial strains spread and colonized the vascular system less in wild tomatoes.
- Taxon
- wild tomato speciese0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensisClavibacter michiganensise1pathogen
- Outcome
- spread and colonization of the vascular systeme0
- Direction
- impedede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WT and ΔCmEXLX2 cause less severe symptoms in wild tomato species and are impeded in spread and colonization of the vascular system.”
e1“Clavibacter michiganensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Clavibacter preferentially colonized protoxylem vessels in wild tomato.
- Taxon
- wild tomatoese0
- Organ / stage
- protoxylem vesselse0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensise1pathogen
- Outcome
- preferential colonization of protoxylem vesselse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preferential colonization of protoxylem vessels and reduced intravascular spread in wild tomatoes”
e1“C. michiganensis in vitro growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Intravascular spread was reduced in wild tomatoes.
- Taxon
- wild tomatoese0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensise1pathogen
- Outcome
- intravascular spreade0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preferential colonization of protoxylem vessels and reduced intravascular spread in wild tomatoes”
e1“C. michiganensis in vitro growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Clavibacter growth and aggregation differed in xylem sap.
- Taxon
- WildSolanumSpeciest0
- Organ / stage
- xylem sape0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensise0pathogen
- Outcome
- C. michiganensis in vitro growth and aggregatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in C. michiganensis in vitro growth and aggregation were determined in xylem sap”
t0“WildSolanumSpecies”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild tomato fruit was susceptible to Clavibacter infection.
- Taxon
- wild tomatoe0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensise0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptible to C. michiganensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wild tomato fruit was determined to be susceptible to C. michiganensis through in vivo inoculations and assessing lesion numbers and size”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit symptom severity was sometimes unrelated to vascular infection severity.
- Taxon
- WildSolanumSpeciest0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensise1pathogen
- Outcome
- Fruit symptom severitye0
- Comparator
- severity of symptoms during vascular infectione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit symptom severity was in some cases unrelated to severity of symptoms during vascular infection”
e1“C. michiganensis in vitro growth”
t0“WildSolanumSpecies”