Abstract
Abstract Environmental stress imposes negative impacts on the growth and development of the crop plants. The present study was designed to assess the effect of PGPR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia gladioli) on plant pigments and phenolic compounds in 10-days-old root knot nematode (RKN)-infected Lycopersiconesculentum seedlings. The levels of different osmoprotectants and organic acids were also evaluated in nematode-infected L. esculentum seedlings. Our results revealed that nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%)). The levels of these metabolites increased after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and B. gladioli. The expression of genes encoding different enzymes pertaining to phenols and organic acid metabolism were also studied. The expression of genes was elevated in nematode-infected plants i.e. CHS (chalcone synthase) by 1.32 folds, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) by 1.16 folds, CS (citrate synthase)1.6 folds, SUCLG1 (succinyl Co-A ligase) by 1.19 folds, SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) by 1.92 folds, FH (fumarate hydratase) by 2.4 foldsand malate synthase (MS) by 1.26 folds and further upregulated after PGPR inoculation. This study demonstrates the importance of PGPR in managing nematode infection in plants through alteration in the synthesis of different secondary metabolites in plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection reduced chlorophyll by 70.5%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 70.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection reduced carotenoids by 64.8%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 64.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection reduced xanthophylls by 34.3%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- xanthophyllse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased total phenols by 40.3%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 40.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased flavonoids by 80.9%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 80.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased anthocyanins by 28.9%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 28.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased polyphenols by 366.1%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- polyphenolse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 366.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased total osmolytes by 15.3%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- total osmolytese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased total carbohydrates by 54.9%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- total carbohydratese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 54.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased reducing sugars by 45.3%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 45.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased trehalose by 94.5%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- trehalosee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 94.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased glycine betaine by 59.01%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- glycine betainee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 59.01%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased proline by 69.6%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 69.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased citric acid by 28.4%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- citric acide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 28.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased fumaric acid by 18.16%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- fumaric acide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 18.16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased succinic acid by 179.9%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- succinic acide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 179.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection increased malic acid by 21.7%.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- malic acide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 21.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%))”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
P. aeruginosa inoculation increased the measured metabolites.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with P. aeruginosae0
- Interactor
- P. aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosae0symbiont - Outcome
- levels of these metabolitese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of these metabolites increased after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and B. gladioli.”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
B. gladioli inoculation increased the measured metabolites.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with P. aeruginosa and B. gladiolie0
- Interactor
- B. gladioli
Burkholderia gladiolie0symbiont - Outcome
- levels of these metabolitese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of these metabolites increased after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and B. gladioli.”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection elevated expression of CHS, PAL, CS, SUCLG1, SDH, FH and MS, with further upregulation after PGPR inoculation.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nematode-infectede0
- Outcome
- expression of genese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of genes was elevated in nematode-infected plants i.e. CHS (chalcone synthase) by 1.32 folds, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) by 1.16 folds, CS (citrate synthase)1.6 folds, SUCLG1 (succinyl Co-A ligase) by 1.19 folds, SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) by 1.92 folds, FH (fumarate hydratase) by 2.4 foldsand malate synthase (MS) by 1.26 folds and further upregulated after PGPR inoculation.”
t0“Lycopersicon esculentum”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
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See all 44 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.