Abstract
Abstract LED lighting in indoor farming systems allows to modulate the spectrum to fit plant needs. Red (R) and blue (B) lights are often used, being highly active for photosynthesis. The effect of R and B spectral components on lettuce plant physiology and biochemistry and resource use efficiency were studied. Five red:blue (RB) ratios (0.5-1-2-3-4) supplied by LED and a fluorescent control (RB = 1) were tested in six experiments in controlled conditions (PPFD = 215 μmol m −2 s −1 , daylength 16 h). LED lighting increased yield (1.6 folds) and energy use efficiency (2.8 folds) as compared with fluorescent lamps. Adoption of RB = 3 maximised yield (by 2 folds as compared with RB = 0.5), also increasing leaf chlorophyll and flavonoids concentrations and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. As the red portion of the spectrum increased, photosystem II quantum efficiency decreased but transpiration decreased more rapidly, resulting in increased water use efficiency up to RB = 3 (75 g FW L −1 H 2 O). The transpiration decrease was accompanied by lower stomatal conductance, which was associated to lower stomatal density, despite an increased stomatal size. Both energy and land surface use efficiency were highest at RB ≥ 3. We hereby suggest a RB ratio of 3 for sustainable indoor lettuce cultivation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
LED lighting increased yield 1.6 folds over fluorescent lamps.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- LED lightinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6 foldse0
- Comparator
- fluorescent lampse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LED lighting increased yield (1.6 folds) and energy use efficiency (2.8 folds) as compared with fluorescent lamps.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
LED lighting increased energy use efficiency 2.8 folds.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- LED lightinge0
- Outcome
- energy use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.8 foldse0
- Comparator
- fluorescent lampse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LED lighting increased yield (1.6 folds) and energy use efficiency (2.8 folds) as compared with fluorescent lamps.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
RB = 3 maximized yield at twice RB = 0.5.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RB = 3e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximisede0
- Value
- 2 foldse0
- Comparator
- RB = 0.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adoption of RB = 3 maximised yield (by 2 folds as compared with RB = 0.5)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
RB = 3 increased leaf chlorophyll and flavonoid concentrations.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RB = 3e0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll and flavonoids concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adoption of RB = 3 maximised yield (by 2 folds as compared with RB = 0.5), also increasing leaf chlorophyll and flavonoids concentrations and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
RB = 3 increased uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RB = 3e0
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassiume0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adoption of RB = 3 maximised yield (by 2 folds as compared with RB = 0.5), also increasing leaf chlorophyll and flavonoids concentrations and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
RB = 3 increased magnesium uptake.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RB = 3e0
- Outcome
- magnesiume0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adoption of RB = 3 maximised yield (by 2 folds as compared with RB = 0.5), also increasing leaf chlorophyll and flavonoids concentrations and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher red fraction decreased photosystem II quantum efficiency.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- red portion of the spectrume0
- Outcome
- photosystem II quantum efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the red portion of the spectrum increased, photosystem II quantum efficiency decreased”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher red fraction decreased transpiration more rapidly.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- red portion of the spectrume0
- Outcome
- transpiratione0
- Direction
- decreased more rapidlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the red portion of the spectrum increased, photosystem II quantum efficiency decreased but transpiration decreased more rapidly”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency increased up to RB = 3, reaching 75 g FW L −1 H 2 O.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RB = 3e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 75 g FW L −1 H 2 Oe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in increased water use efficiency up to RB = 3 (75 g FW L −1 H 2 O).”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower transpiration accompanied lower stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- stomatale0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transpiration decrease was accompanied by lower stomatal conductance”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower stomatal conductance was associated with lower stomatal density.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Organ / stage
- stomatale0
- Outcome
- stomatal densitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower stomatal conductance, which was associated to lower stomatal density”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal size increased.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- stomatal sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite an increased stomatal size.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy and land surface use efficiency were highest at RB ≥ 3.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RB ≥ 3e0
- Outcome
- energy and land surface use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both energy and land surface use efficiency were highest at RB ≥ 3.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest RB ratio 3 for sustainable indoor lettuce cultivation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- RB ratio of 3 for sustainable indoor lettuce cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We hereby suggest a RB ratio of 3 for sustainable indoor lettuce cultivation.”
The same questions in other papers
light · yield · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
52 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
67 papers more in this group
See all 71 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.