Abstract
Iron deficiency leads to severe chlorosis in crop plants, including wheat, thereby reducing total yield and quality. Furthermore, grains of most bread wheat varieties are poor source of iron, which is vital for human nutrition. Despite the significance, iron uptake and translocation mechanisms in bread wheat have not been studied in detail, particularly under iron limited growth conditions. In this study, bread wheat plants were grown under iron deficiency stress until maturity. Data were collected at three distinct developmental time points during grain-filling. The plants experiencing low iron availability exhibited significantly lower chlorophyll content as well as low iron concentration in leaves and grains. The expression levels of bread wheat genes homologous to iron deficiency responsive genes of rice, barley, and Arabidopsis were significantly changed under iron deficiency stress. The wheat homologs of genes involved in phytosiderophore (PS) synthesis and transport were significantly up-regulated in the iron-deficient roots through all development stages, confirming an important role of deoxymugineic acid (DMA) in iron acquisition. The up-regulation of NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS) and DEOXYMUGINEIC ACID SYNTHASE (DMAS) in flag leaves and grains suggested the involvement of nicotianamine (NA) and DMA in iron chelation and translocation in wheat, particularly at the commencement of grain-filling. In line with this, the homolog of gene encoding TRANSPORTER OF MUGINEIC ACID (TOM) was up-regulated in the wheat roots under iron deficiency. Additionally, genes encoding long-distance iron transporter YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE (YSL), the vacuolar transporter NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN (NRAMP), and the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (bHLH), were also up-regulated upon iron starvation. A tissue specific and growth stage specific gene expression differences in response to iron deficiency stress were observed, providing new insights into iron translocation, storage and regulation in bread wheat.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Iron-deficient wheat had significantly lower chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- low iron availabilitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants experiencing low iron availability exhibited significantly lower chlorophyll content as well as low iron concentration in leaves and grains”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron-deficient wheat had low iron concentration in leaves and grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and grainse0
- Treatment
- low iron availabilitye0
- Outcome
- iron concentratione0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants experiencing low iron availability exhibited significantly lower chlorophyll content as well as low iron concentration in leaves and grains”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron-responsive wheat gene homolog expression changed significantly under iron deficiency.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- iron deficiency stresse0
- Gene
- bread wheat genes homologous to iron deficiency responsive genese0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression levels of bread wheat genes homologous to iron deficiency responsive genes of rice, barley, and Arabidopsis were significantly changed under iron deficiency stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytosiderophore synthesis gene homologs were up-regulated in iron-deficient roots across stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- iron-deficiente0
- Gene
- genes involved in phytosiderophore (PS) synthesise0
- Outcome
- genes involved in phytosiderophore (PS) synthesise0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- through all development stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wheat homologs of genes involved in phytosiderophore (PS) synthesis and transport were significantly up-regulated in the iron-deficient roots through all development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytosiderophore transport gene homologs were up-regulated in iron-deficient roots across stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- iron-deficiente0
- Gene
- genes involved in phytosiderophore (PS) synthesis and transporte0
- Outcome
- transporte0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wheat homologs of genes involved in phytosiderophore (PS) synthesis and transport were significantly up-regulated in the iron-deficient roots through all development stages”
Claim · model-written summary
NAS was up-regulated in flag leaves and grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaves and grainse0
- Gene
- NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS)e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The up-regulation of NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS) and DEOXYMUGINEIC ACID SYNTHASE (DMAS) in flag leaves and grains”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
DMAS was up-regulated in flag leaves and grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaves and grainse0
- Gene
- DEOXYMUGINEIC ACID SYNTHASE (DMAS)e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The up-regulation of NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS) and DEOXYMUGINEIC ACID SYNTHASE (DMAS) in flag leaves and grains”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NA and DMA were implicated in wheat iron chelation and translocation at grain filling onset.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- commencement of grain-fillinge0
- Compound
- nicotianamine (NA) and DMAe0
- Outcome
- iron chelation and translocatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested the involvement of nicotianamine (NA) and DMA in iron chelation and translocation in wheat, particularly at the commencement of grain-filling”
Claim · model-written summary
TOM homolog expression increased in iron-deficient wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- iron deficiencye0
- Gene
- TRANSPORTER OF MUGINEIC ACID (TOM)e0
- Outcome
- homolog of gene encoding TRANSPORTER OF MUGINEIC ACID (TOM)e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the homolog of gene encoding TRANSPORTER OF MUGINEIC ACID (TOM) was up-regulated in the wheat roots under iron deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
YSL genes were up-regulated by iron starvation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- iron starvatione0
- Gene
- YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE (YSL)e0
- Outcome
- genes encoding long-distance iron transportere0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes encoding long-distance iron transporter YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE (YSL), the vacuolar transporter NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN (NRAMP), and the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (bHLH), were also up-regulated upon iron starvation”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NRAMP genes were up-regulated by iron starvation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- iron starvatione0
- Gene
- NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN (NRAMP)e0
- Outcome
- vacuolar transportere0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes encoding long-distance iron transporter YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE (YSL), the vacuolar transporter NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN (NRAMP), and the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (bHLH), were also up-regulated upon iron starvation”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
bHLH genes were up-regulated by iron starvation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- iron starvatione0
- Gene
- BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (bHLH)e0
- Outcome
- transcription factore0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes encoding long-distance iron transporter YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE (YSL), the vacuolar transporter NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN (NRAMP), and the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (bHLH), were also up-regulated upon iron starvation”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency induced tissue- and growth-stage-specific expression differences.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- iron deficiency stresse0
- Outcome
- gene expression differencese0
- Qualifier
- tissue specific and growth stage specifice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tissue specific and growth stage specific gene expression differences in response to iron deficiency stress were observed”
t0“Hexaploid Wheat”