Abstract
An isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans (strain = CG163) and the plant defence elicitor acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) were investigated for their ability to control leaf spot in kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa). Clonal Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa plantlets (‘Hayward’) were treated with ASM, CG163 or ASM + CG163 at seven and one day before inoculation with Psa. ASM (0.2 g/L) was applied either as a root or foliar treatments and CG163 was applied as a foliar spray containing 2 × 107 CFU/mL. Leaf spot incidence was significantly reduced by all treatments compared with the control. The combination of ASM + CG163 had greater efficacy (75%) than either ASM (55%) or CG163 (40%) alone. Moreover, treatment efficacy correlated positively with the expression of defence-related genes: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), β-1,3-glucosidase, Glucan endo 1,3-β-glucosidase (Gluc_PrimerH) and Class IV chitinase (ClassIV_Chit), with greater gene upregulation in plants treated with ASM + CG163 than by the individual treatments. Pathogen population studies indicated that CG163 had significant suppressive activity against epiphytic populations of Psa. Endophytic populations were reduced by ASM + CG163 but not by the individual treatments, and by 96–144 h after inoculation were significantly lower than the control. Together these data suggest that ASM + CG163 have complementary modes of action that contribute to greater control of leaf spotting than either treatment alone.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
ASM reduced leaf spot incidence versus control.
- Taxon
- Kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Bacterial Cankert0
- Outcome
- Leaf spot incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf spot incidence was significantly reduced by all treatments compared with the control.”
t0“Bacterial Canker in Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined ASM and CG163 achieved 75% efficacy, greater than individual treatments.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- ASM + CG163e0
- Interactor
- Aureobasidium pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulanst0 - Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Comparator
- either ASM (55%) or CG163 (40%) alonee0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of ASM + CG163 had greater efficacy (75%) than either ASM (55%) or CG163 (40%) alone.”
t0“Aureobasidium pullulans Strain CG163 and Acibenzolar-S-Methyl for Management of Bacterial Canker in Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
ASM alone had 55% efficacy.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- ASMe0
- Outcome
- ASMe0
- Value
- 55%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASM (55%)”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
CG163 alone had 40% efficacy.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- CG163e0
- Outcome
- CG163e0
- Value
- 40%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CG163 (40%)”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment efficacy correlated positively with expression of four defence genes.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Gene
- defence-related genese0
- Outcome
- treatment efficacye0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment efficacy correlated positively with the expression of defence-related genes: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), β-1,3-glucosidase, Glucan endo 1,3-β-glucosidase (Gluc_PrimerH) and Class IV chitinase (ClassIV_Chit)”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment produced greater defence gene upregulation than single treatments.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- ASM + CG163e0
- Outcome
- gene upregulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- individual treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater gene upregulation in plants treated with ASM + CG163 than by the individual treatments”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
CG163 significantly suppressed epiphytic Psa populations.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- CG163e0
- Interactor
- Psae0
- Outcome
- epiphytic populations of Psae0
- Direction
- suppressivee0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CG163 had significant suppressive activity against epiphytic populations of Psa”
t0“Kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced endophytic Psa populations versus control at 96–144 h.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- ASM + CG163e0
- Outcome
- Endophytic populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 96–144 h after inoculatione0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endophytic populations were reduced by ASM + CG163 but not by the individual treatments, and by 96–144 h after inoculation were significantly lower than the control.”
t0“Kiwifruit”
The same questions in other papers
acibenzolar-S-methyl · molecular: expression · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.