Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and productivity worldwide. Species of Trichoderma are widely recognized for their bio-control abilities, but little information is regarding to the ability and mechanisms of their promoting plant growth and enhancing plant tolerance to different levels of salt stress. Hence, we determined (i) the role of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (TL-6) in promoting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth under different levels of salt stress, and (ii) the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced tolerance of wheat to salt stress by TL-6. Wheat seeds treated with or without TL-6 were grown under different levels of salt stress in controlled environmental conditions. As such, the TL-6 treatments promoted seed germination and increased the shoot and root weights of wheat seedlings under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions. Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%, ascorbate 15%, and glutathione 28%; and decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) by an average of 19% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 13%. The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, leading to the increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%, glutathione reductase (GR) 18%, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 5%. Our results indicate that the beneficial strain of TL-6 effectively scavenged ROS under NaCl stress through modulating the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes, regulating the transcriptional levels of ROS scavenging enzyme gene expression, and enhancing the nonenzymatic antioxidants in wheat seedling in response to salt stress. Our present study provides a new insight into the mechanisms of TL-6 can activate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance wheat seedling tolerance to different levels of salt stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 promoted wheat germination under nonstress and salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- TL-6 treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TL-6 treatments promoted seed germination and increased the shoot and root weights of wheat seedlings under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased wheat seedling shoot and root weights.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TL-6 treatments promoted seed germination and increased the shoot and root weights of wheat seedlings under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased proline content by an average of 11% under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased ascorbate by 15% under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- ascorbatee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%, ascorbate 15%”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased glutathione by 28% under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%, ascorbate 15%, and glutathione 28%”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 decreased malondialdehyde content by an average of 19%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) by an average of 19%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 decreased hydrogen peroxide by 13%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) by an average of 19% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 13%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 induced transcription of ROS scavenging enzymes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6 treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- transcriptional level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased GST by an average of 17%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Gene
- glutathione s-transferase (GST)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione s-transferase (GST)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased GPX by 16%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Gene
- glutathione peroxidase (GPX)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione peroxidase (GPX)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased APX by 17%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased GR by 18%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Gene
- glutathione reductase (GR)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%, glutathione reductase (GR) 18%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
TL-6 increased DHAR by 5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TL-6e1
- Interactor
- TL-6e1symbiont
- Gene
- dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)e0
- Outcome
- dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%, glutathione reductase (GR) 18%, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 5%”
t0“Wheat Seedling”
e1“The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret TL-6 as enhancing wheat salt tolerance through antioxidant defenses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- TL-6e0
- Interactor
- TL-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat seedling tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TL-6 can activate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance wheat seedling tolerance to different levels of salt stress”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma longibrachiatum · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.