Abstract
Background Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease, which is considered a destructive disease, leading to decreased growth and death of most infected plants.Materials and methods After 7 days of incubation of Streptomyces clavuligerus on starch nitrate medium, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done by using the supernatant from the microorganism. The color changed to dark brown, proving the formation of AgNPs. The size of AgNPs was analyzed using transmission electron microscope. Various concentrations of AgNPs (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl) were investigated against F.oxysporum by using agar well diffusion method. Disease symptoms, disease index percent, phytochemicals, and metabolic indicators of resistance in plant, such as the reaction to induction of systemic resistance, were recorded in tomato plants.Results and conclusion The resultant AgNPs had size from 4 to 38 nm and were oval to spherical in shape. The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly. The growth of Fusarium has been reduced by 60, 40 ppm, and followed by 20 ppm. Treatment with different concentration of nanoparticles resulted in different responses regarding the total phenol content, proline content, and total protein of Fusarium-infected plants. Applications of 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methods were the best treatments and reduced percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively. Therefore, it could be suggested that the application of tested treatments could be commercially used for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of vegetable plants, as they are effective against this disease, are less expensive, and are safe.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Synthesized nanoparticles measured 4 to 38 nm.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Outcome
- sizee0
- Value
- 4 to 38 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The resultant AgNPs had size from 4 to 38 nm and were oval to spherical in shape.”
e1“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthesized nanoparticles were oval to spherical.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- oval to spherical in shapee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The resultant AgNPs had size from 4 to 38 nm and were oval to spherical in shape.”
e1“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The first nanoparticle dose produced a 12 mm inhibition zone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 20e2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume3pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition zonese0
- Value
- 12e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl”
e3“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
The second nanoparticle dose produced an 18 mm inhibition zone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 40e2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume3pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese0
- Value
- 18e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl”
e3“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
The third nanoparticle dose produced a 19 mm inhibition zone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 60e2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume3pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese0
- Value
- 19e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl”
e3“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
The fourth nanoparticle dose produced a 23 mm inhibition zone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 80e2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume3pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese0
- Value
- 23e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl”
e3“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
The fifth nanoparticle dose produced a 27 mm inhibition zone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 100e2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume3pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese0
- Value
- 27 mme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl”
e3“Fusarium oxysporum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium growth was reduced by nanoparticle concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 60, 40 ppm, and followed by 20 ppme0
- Outcome
- growth of Fusariume0
- Direction
- reducede0
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of Fusarium has been reduced by 60, 40 ppm, and followed by 20 ppm.”
e1“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle concentration changed total phenol, proline and protein responses in infected plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- different concentration of nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- total phenol content, proline content, and total proteine0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with different concentration of nanoparticles resulted in different responses regarding the total phenol content, proline content, and total protein of Fusarium-infected plants.”
e1“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
60 ppm foliar plus root immersion reduced disease index by 8%.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersione0
- Outcome
- percent disease indexese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methods were the best treatments and reduced percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“Fusarium-infected plants”
Claim · model-written summary
60 ppm root immersion reduced disease index by 11%.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methodse0
- Outcome
- percent disease indexese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methods were the best treatments and reduced percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively.”
e1“tomato plants”
e2“Fusarium-infected plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest commercial use of the tested treatments for vegetable Fusarium wilt.
Verbatim
e0“the application of tested treatments could be commercially used for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of vegetable plants, as they are effective against this disease, are less expensive, and are safe.”
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application · Fusarium · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
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5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.