Abstract
As a result of its high photosynthetic efficiency, the tung tree ( Vernicia fordii ) is a fast-growing heliophile, yielding fruit within 3 years. In addition, tung oil extracted from the fruit seeds is an environmentally friendly paint used widely in China. However, mutual shading inside a tung tree canopy leads to a low yield of fruit because of weak or dead lower branches. In this project, a pot experiment was conducted to understand the growth, physiological, anatomical structure, and biochemical responses of tung trees under various shading levels. Tung tree seedlings were subjected to different light intensities—100% sunlight (no cover), L100; 75% sunlight (25% shading), L75; 50% sunlight (50% shading), L50; and 20% sunlight (80% shading), L20—from June to August. Results indicate that the L75 treatment reduced significantly the net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), transpiration rate (E), total aboveground and root dry weight (DW), maximum net photosynthetic rate ( A max ), and maximum rate of electron transport at saturating irradiance (J max ) compared with the control, although plant height and leaf area (LA) were not reduced. Lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of treatment led to greater reduction in growth, leaf thickness, and photosynthetic potential ( A max and J max ). Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll content were increased in the L50 and L20 treatments compared with L100 and L75. There was no significant reduction in the enzyme activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPC) of the seedlings using the L75 treatment; however, lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of shade treatment resulted in a significant reduction in enzyme activity. In summary, the results suggest that tung trees have greater photosynthetic activity under high light intensity. Shading, even at 20%, especially for the longer term, reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth. To prevent growth reduction, tung trees should be grown under full sun with a daily light integral (DLI) of ≈46 mol·m ‒2 ·d ‒1 , and mutual shading should be avoided by proper spacing and pruning.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The L75 treatment significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordii
Vernicia fordiit0 - Treatment
- L75 treatmente1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), transpiration rate (E)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e1“Results indicate that the L75 treatment reduced significantly the net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), transpiration rate (E), total aboveground and root dry weight (DW), maximum net photosynthetic rate ( A max ), and maximum rate of electron transport at saturating irradiance (J max ) compared with the control, although plant height and leaf area (LA) were not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
The L75 treatment significantly reduced total aboveground and root dry weight, maximum net photosynthetic rate and maximum rate of electron transport compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- L75 treatmente1
- Outcome
- total aboveground and root dry weight (DW), maximum net photosynthetic rate ( A max ), and maximum rate of electron transport at saturating irradiance (J max )e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e1“Results indicate that the L75 treatment reduced significantly the net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), transpiration rate (E), total aboveground and root dry weight (DW), maximum net photosynthetic rate ( A max ), and maximum rate of electron transport at saturating irradiance (J max ) compared with the control, although plant height and leaf area (LA) were not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height and leaf area were not reduced by the L75 treatment compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- L75 treatmente1
- Outcome
- plant height and leaf area (LA)e1
- Direction
- were not reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e1“Results indicate that the L75 treatment reduced significantly the net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance ( g S ), transpiration rate (E), total aboveground and root dry weight (DW), maximum net photosynthetic rate ( A max ), and maximum rate of electron transport at saturating irradiance (J max ) compared with the control, although plant height and leaf area (LA) were not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer shade duration led to greater reduction in growth, leaf thickness and photosynthetic potential.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- Lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of treatmente2
- Outcome
- growth, leaf thickness, and photosynthetic potential ( A max and J max )e2
- Direction
- greater reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e2“Lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of treatment led to greater reduction in growth, leaf thickness, and photosynthetic potential ( A max and J max )”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were increased in the L50 and L20 treatments compared with L100 and L75.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- L50 and L20e3
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll contente3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- L100 and L75e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e3“Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll content were increased in the L50 and L20 treatments compared with L100 and L75”
Claim · model-written summary
The L75 treatment caused no significant reduction in the activities of Rubisco and PEPC.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- L75 treatmente4
- Gene
- ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPC)e4
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese4
- Direction
- no significant reductione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e4“There was no significant reduction in the enzyme activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPC) of the seedlings using the L75 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer shade duration significantly reduced enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of shade treatmente5
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye5
- Direction
- significant reductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e5“lower light intensities (L50 and L20) and longer duration of shade treatment resulted in a significant reduction in enzyme activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Tung trees have greater photosynthetic activity under high light intensity.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- high light intensitye6
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye6
- Direction
- greatere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e6“In summary, the results suggest that tung trees have greater photosynthetic activity under high light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading, even at 20 percent, reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth, especially over the longer term.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Treatment
- Shading, even at 20%e7
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiency and growthe7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e7“Shading, even at 20%, especially for the longer term, reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Tung trees should be grown under full sun with a daily light integral of about 46 mol m-2 d-1 to prevent growth reduction.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Outcome
- grown under full sun with a daily light integral (DLI) of ≈46 mol·m ‒2 ·d ‒1e1
- Value
- ≈46 mol·m ‒2 ·d ‒1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e1“To prevent growth reduction, tung trees should be grown under full sun with a daily light integral (DLI) of ≈46 mol·m ‒2 ·d ‒1 , and mutual shading should be avoided by proper spacing and pruning”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutual shading in tung tree canopies should be avoided by proper spacing and pruning.
- Taxon
- Vernicia fordiiVernicia fordiit0
- Outcome
- mutual shading should be avoided by proper spacing and pruninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii) Seedlings”
e1“To prevent growth reduction, tung trees should be grown under full sun with a daily light integral (DLI) of ≈46 mol·m ‒2 ·d ‒1 , and mutual shading should be avoided by proper spacing and pruning”
The same questions in other papers
light · physiology: photosynthesis · Vernicia fordii (tung oil tree)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.