Abstract
ABSTRACT The aluminum source to produce toxicity in upland rice in nutrient solution experiments is not yet well established, althought the aluminum potassium sulfate has been utilized source to produce aluminum toxicity. However, in recent studies have used aluminum chloride. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of aluminum sources and doses to produce toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution. The experiment was arranged in a block randomized design, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme and four repetitions. The treatments were two aluminum sources (aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O and aluminum chloride - AlCl3.6H2O) and five aluminum doses in nutrient solution (0, 370, 740, 1100 and 1480 μmol L-1). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Botucatu city, São Paulo state, Brazil, starting in April 2012, and was carried out for 56 days from transplanting of the seedlings. Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations. Using aluminum potassium sulfate, there are lower aluminum activity and availability, besides the formation of large amount of aluminum compounds non-toxic to the plants (aluminum sulfate) in the nutrient solution. The aluminum doses between 1100 to 1480 µmol L-1, corresponding to aluminum activity of 336.8 to 429.0 µmol L-1 of aluminum chloride as source, are more effective to produce aluminum toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride lowered root dry weight relative to aluminium potassium sulfate.
- Taxon
- rice plants
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- aluminum chloridee0
- Outcome
- root and total dry weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- aluminum potassium sulfatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations”
t0“aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride lowered total dry weight relative to aluminium potassium sulfate.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aluminum chloridee0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- aluminum potassium sulfatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations”
t0“aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride lowered root area and volume.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aluminum chloridee0
- Outcome
- area and root volumee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- aluminum potassium sulfatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations”
t0“aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride lowered medium and thick root length.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aluminum chloridee0
- Outcome
- medium and thick root lengthe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- aluminum potassium sulfatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations”
t0“aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride lowered potassium content and accumulation.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aluminum chloridee0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- aluminum potassium sulfatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations”
t0“aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride lowered sulfur content and accumulation.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aluminum chloridee0
- Outcome
- sulfur contents and accumulationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- aluminum potassium sulfatet0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations”
t0“aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)2.12H2O”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium potassium sulfate yielded lower aluminium activity and availability in solution.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Using aluminum potassium sulfate, there are lower aluminum activity and availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium potassium sulfate formed a large amount of nontoxic aluminium sulfate in solution.
- Outcome
- aluminum compounds non-toxic to the plants (aluminum sulfate)e0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“the formation of large amount of aluminum compounds non-toxic to the plants (aluminum sulfate) in the nutrient solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium chloride at 1100 to 1480 µmol L-1 was more effective at producing rice aluminium toxicity.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 1100 to 1480 µmol L-1e0
- Outcome
- aluminum toxicitye0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 336.8 to 429.0 µmol L-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aluminum doses between 1100 to 1480 µmol L-1, corresponding to aluminum activity of 336.8 to 429.0 µmol L-1 of aluminum chloride as source, are more effective to produce aluminum toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution”
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