Abstract
To analyze the effects of tillage (no-tillage, plow tillage), irrigation (rainfed, irrigated), and crop rotation (continuous maize, 4-year crop rotation) and their development, we conducted a field experiment over 9 years under sandy soil conditions in northeastern Germany. The generalized linear model showed that tillage, irrigation and crop rotation jointly explained approximately 35% of the total variance. Irrigation and crop rotation significantly positively influenced maize biomass yield started immediately in the first years in 2008 and 2011 respectively, while tillage started to significantly positively affect yield starting from the fourth year. In general, irrigation had the most relative importance as a management factor compared to the importance of tillage and crop rotation. Crop rotation with legumes increased soil nitrogen and carbon content and led to a higher yield than continuous maize 11.1 dt ha−1 y−1 in average. Furthermore, the significant effect of crop rotation on the yield of the following crop (maize) continued after 2 cycles of a 4-year crop rotation. A significant influence of the 2-way interactions between rotation, tillage and irrigation was only found in extremely dry years. It can be concluded that (i) the negative influence of no-tillage becomes noticeable after 3 years, leading to significantly lower yield compared to plow tillage; (ii) under the sandy soil and dry conditions, irrigation significantly increases yields and is the most important factor compared to tillage and crop rotation; and (iii) crop rotation significantly increases and maintains maize yield under both plowed and irrigated conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation significantly and positively increased maize biomass yield compared with rainfed conditions.
- Treatment
- Irrigatione1
- Outcome
- biomass yielde1
- Direction
- positively influencede1
- Comparator
- rainfede2
- Setting
- sandy soil conditions in northeastern Germanye0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we conducted a field experiment over 9 years under sandy soil conditions in northeastern Germany”
e1“Irrigation and crop rotation significantly positively influenced maize biomass yield”
e2“irrigation (rainfed, irrigated)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation with legumes increased soil nitrogen and carbon content in maize fields.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study”
e3“Crop rotation with legumes increased soil nitrogen and carbon content”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation with legumes gave a higher maize yield than continuous maize, by 11.1 dt ha−1 y−1 on average.
- Treatment
- Crop rotation with legumese3
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 11.1 dt ha−1 y−1e4
- Comparator
- continuous maizee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Crop rotation with legumes increased soil nitrogen and carbon content”
e4“led to a higher yield than continuous maize 11.1 dt ha−1 y−1 in average”
Claim · model-written summary
The significant effect of crop rotation on the yield of the following maize crop continued after two 4-year rotation cycles.
- Treatment
- crop rotatione5
- Outcome
- yield of the following crope5
- Qualifier
- continued after 2 cycles of a 4-year crop rotatione5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the significant effect of crop rotation on the yield of the following crop (maize) continued after 2 cycles of a 4-year crop rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage gave significantly lower maize yield than plow tillage, from 3 years onward.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study”
e6“the negative influence of no-tillage becomes noticeable after 3 years, leading to significantly lower yield compared to plow tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage significantly positively affected maize yield from the fourth year.
- Treatment
- tillagee7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- positively affecte7
- Qualifier
- starting from the fourth yeare7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study”
e7“tillage started to significantly positively affect yield starting from the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation had the most relative importance as a management factor compared with tillage and crop rotation.
- Outcome
- relative importance as a management factore6
- Qualifier
- compared to the importance of tillage and crop rotatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study”
e6“irrigation had the most relative importance as a management factor compared to the importance of tillage and crop rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage, irrigation and crop rotation jointly explained approximately 35% of the total variance in maize biomass yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study”
e7“tillage, irrigation and crop rotation jointly explained approximately 35% of the total variance”
Claim · model-written summary
The two-way interactions between rotation, tillage and irrigation were significant only in extremely dry years.
- Outcome
- 2-way interactions between rotation, tillage and irrigatione6
- Qualifier
- only found in extremely dry yearse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize biomass yield in a 9-year field study”
e6“A significant influence of the 2-way interactions between rotation, tillage and irrigation was only found in extremely dry years”
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