Abstract
Fourteen cucurbit species of unknown susceptibility representing 12 genera were inoculated with Stagonosporopsis citrulli in Charleston, SC, in spring 2015, spring 2016 and fall 2016 to evaluate their level of susceptibility to gummy stem blight and the ability of the pathogen to reproduce on crown cankers. Coccinia grandis was highly resistant to gummy stem blight. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of susceptibility to gummy stem blight of 14 species, which expands the host range of S. citrulli to 37 species representing 21 genera in the family Cucurbitaceae. Crown cankers were found to be important reproductive sites for S. citrulli. A survey of foliar pathogens of watermelon based on two-stage cluster sampling was conducted on 60 commercial farms in South Carolina from spring 2015 to fall 2017. The influence of environmental and management factors on the occurrence of foliar pathogens was analyzed. Estimates for the statewide probability of pathogen occurrence on symptomatic leaves were obtained. Six fungal pathogens, an oomycete and three viral pathogens were identified. With the exception of fall 2017, Stagonosporopsis spp. was the most prevalent pathogen in every season followed by P. xanthii. Myrothecium s.l. was the most common pathogen in fall 2017. In fall 2017, the third most common pathogen was Corynespora cassiicola. Eight of 80 isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. were identified as S. caricae, the rest as S. citrulli. This is the first report of C. cassiicola, S. caricae, and Myrothecium s.l. on watermelon in South Carolina. There was a consistent increased probability of occurrence of Stagonosporopsis spp. in fields with a previous cucurbit crop, increasing probabilities of pathogen occurrence with increasing plant age, a lower probability of occurrence of some pathogens on triploid cultivars compared to diploid cultivars, and a decrease in probability of pathogen occurrence in fields aligned towards southwest or west. Six species of Stachybotriaceae were identified in a collection of 95 isolates obtained from 11 fields in South Carolina using Bayesian inference based on combined sequences of four partial gene regions. Two species, Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicola were the predominant species found. Within these two species, genetic differences within small spatial scales were detected. In pathogenicity tests the two predominant species were the most virulent on watermelon. Cowpea plants were less susceptible than watermelon and tomato plants, which were equally susceptible. This is the first report of pathogenicity of five of the six identified species of Stachybotriaceae on the three tested vegetable crops and of X. tongaense on watermelon.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Coccinia grandis was highly resistant to gummy stem blight.
- Taxon
- Coccinia grandis
Coccinia grandise0 - Interactor
- Stagonosporopsis citrulliStagonosporopsis citrullie1pathogen
- Outcome
- highly resistant to gummy stem blighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coccinia grandis was highly resistant to gummy stem blight.”
e1“Fourteen cucurbit species of unknown susceptibility representing 12 genera were inoculated with Stagonosporopsis citrulli in Charleston, SC”
Claim · model-written summary
The first susceptibility report for 14 species expanded the S. citrulli host range to 37 species in 21 genera.
- Taxon
- S. citrulliStagonosporopsis citrullie0
- Interactor
- CucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceaee0host
- Outcome
- host rangee0
- Direction
- expandse0
- Value
- 37 species representing 21 generae0
- Qualifier
- first report of susceptibility to gummy stem blight of 14 speciese0
Verbatim
e0“To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of susceptibility to gummy stem blight of 14 species, which expands the host range of S. citrulli to 37 species representing 21 genera in the family Cucurbitaceae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown cankers were important reproductive sites for S. citrulli.
- Taxon
- S. citrulliStagonosporopsis citrullie0
- Organ / stage
- Crown cankerse0
- Outcome
- important reproductive sitese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Crown cankers were found to be important reproductive sites for S. citrulli.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six fungal pathogens, one oomycete and three viral pathogens were identified on watermelon.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatuse1 - Outcome
- Six fungal pathogens, an oomycete and three viral pathogens were identifiede0
- Setting
- South Carolinae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six fungal pathogens, an oomycete and three viral pathogens were identified.”
e1“A survey of foliar pathogens of watermelon based on two-stage cluster sampling was conducted on 60 commercial farms in South Carolina from spring 2015 to fall 2017.”
Claim · model-written summary
Except in fall 2017, Stagonosporopsis spp. was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by P. xanthii.
- Taxon
- Stagonosporopsis spp.Stagonosporopsise0
- Interactor
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1host
- Outcome
- prevalent pathogene0
- Direction
- moste0
- Qualifier
- With the exception of fall 2017e0
- Comparator
- P. xanthiie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of fall 2017, Stagonosporopsis spp. was the most prevalent pathogen in every season followed by P. xanthii.”
e1“foliar pathogens of watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Myrothecium s.l. was the most common pathogen in fall 2017.
- Taxon
- Myrothecium s.l.e0
- Interactor
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1host
- Outcome
- common pathogene0
- Direction
- moste0
- Qualifier
- fall 2017e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Myrothecium s.l. was the most common pathogen in fall 2017.”
e1“foliar pathogens of watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Corynespora cassiicola was the third most common pathogen in fall 2017.
- Taxon
- Corynespora cassiicola
Corynespora cassiicolae0 - Interactor
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1host
- Outcome
- common pathogene0
- Direction
- third moste0
- Qualifier
- fall 2017e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In fall 2017, the third most common pathogen was Corynespora cassiicola.”
e1“foliar pathogens of watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight of 80 Stagonosporopsis isolates were S. caricae.
- Taxon
- S. caricaeStagonosporopsis caricaee0
- Outcome
- identified as S. caricaee0
- Value
- Eight of 80e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Eight of 80 isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. were identified as S. caricae, the rest as S. citrulli.”
Claim · model-written summary
The remaining Stagonosporopsis isolates were S. citrulli.
- Taxon
- S. citrulliStagonosporopsis citrullie0
- Outcome
- the rest as S. citrullie0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Eight of 80 isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. were identified as S. caricae, the rest as S. citrulli.”
Claim · model-written summary
C. cassiicola, S. caricae and Myrothecium s.l. were first reported on watermelon in South Carolina.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Interactor
- C. cassiicolaCorynespora cassiicolae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- S. caricaeStagonosporopsis caricaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- first report of C. cassiicola, S. caricae, and Myrothecium s.l.e0
- Qualifier
- Myrothecium s.l.e0
- Setting
- South Carolinae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This is the first report of C. cassiicola, S. caricae, and Myrothecium s.l. on watermelon in South Carolina.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stagonosporopsis occurrence probability increased in fields with a previous cucurbit crop.
Verbatim
e0“There was a consistent increased probability of occurrence of Stagonosporopsis spp. in fields with a previous cucurbit crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen occurrence probabilities increased with plant age.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Organ / stage
- plant agee0
- Outcome
- probabilities of pathogen occurrencee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing probabilities of pathogen occurrence with increasing plant age”
e1“foliar pathogens of watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Some pathogen occurrence probabilities were lower on triploid than diploid cultivars.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Material
- triploid cultivarse0
- Outcome
- probability of occurrence of some pathogense0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- diploid cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower probability of occurrence of some pathogens on triploid cultivars compared to diploid cultivars”
e1“foliar pathogens of watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen occurrence probability decreased in fields aligned southwest or west.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Outcome
- probability of pathogen occurrencee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- fields aligned towards southwest or weste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in probability of pathogen occurrence in fields aligned towards southwest or west.”
e1“foliar pathogens of watermelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Six Stachybotriaceae species were identified among 95 isolates from 11 South Carolina fields.
- Taxon
- Stachybotriaceaee0
- Outcome
- species of Stachybotriaceae were identifiede0
- Value
- Sixe0
- Setting
- South Carolinae0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Six species of Stachybotriaceae were identified in a collection of 95 isolates obtained from 11 fields in South Carolina using Bayesian inference based on combined sequences of four partial gene regions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicola predominated in the collection.
- Taxon
- Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicolaGregatothecium humicolaParamyrothecium foliicolae0
- Outcome
- predominant species founde0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Two species, Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicola were the predominant species found.”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic differences at small spatial scales occurred within both predominant species.
- Taxon
- Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicolaGregatothecium humicolaParamyrothecium foliicolae1
- Outcome
- genetic differences within small spatial scalese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Within these two species, genetic differences within small spatial scales were detected.”
e1“Two species, Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicola were the predominant species found.”
Claim · model-written summary
The two predominant species were the most virulent on watermelon.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Interactor
- Gregatothecium humicolaGregatothecium humicolae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Paramyrothecium foliicolaParamyrothecium foliicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- virulente0
- Direction
- moste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In pathogenicity tests the two predominant species were the most virulent on watermelon.”
e1“Two species, Gregatothecium humicola and Paramyrothecium foliicola were the predominant species found.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea was less susceptible than watermelon and tomato, which were equally susceptible.
- Taxon
- Cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- equally susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- watermelon and tomato plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea plants were less susceptible than watermelon and tomato plants, which were equally susceptible.”
Claim · model-written summary
The study first reported pathogenicity of five Stachybotriaceae species on the three crops and X. tongaense on watermelon.
- Taxon
- Stachybotriaceaee0
- Interactor
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0host
- Outcome
- first report of pathogenicitye0
- Qualifier
- five of the six identified species of Stachybotriaceae on the three tested vegetable crops and of X. tongaense on watermelone0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This is the first report of pathogenicity of five of the six identified species of Stachybotriaceae on the three tested vegetable crops and of X. tongaense on watermelon.”