Abstract
A charcoal barrier method was devised to prevent the movement of S -ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in the soil in order to expose certain parts of the plant without exposing the rest of the plant. Exposing the roots of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L., var. Blue Mariot), oats ( Avena sativa L., var. California Red), barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat ( Triticum vulgare L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L., var. Belle Patna), cotton ( Gossypium peruvianum Cav.), and yellow nutgrass ( Cyperus esculentus L.) caused more injury than shoot exposure, while shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure to Johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense Pers.), sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare Pers., hybrid Amak R-10), and peas ( Pisum sativum L.). Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others. The results obtained by this method disagree with published reports which claimed that only shoot exposure to EPTC led to injury. In numerous experiments with barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position in a ½-inch layer of charcoal between two 1-inch layers of soil, root exposure always injured the plants more than shoot exposure. Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTC caused the most injury to barley followed by exposing only the seeds, a combination of roots and shoots, roots, and shoots in decreasing order of injury symptoms. Similar results were obtained with oats when the depth of the treated soil above or below the seed was 1 inch, but increasing this depth to 1.5 inches or more resulted in more injury by shoot exposure than root exposure. The importance of root exposure was confirmed using another method of testing in which only the roots were exposed to the herbicide in nutrient solutions. Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions inhibited shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn, while the growth of the roots was enhanced in some cases.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Root exposure caused more injury than shoot exposure in eight named species.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- Exposing the rootse0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- more injurye0
- Comparator
- shoot exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Exposing the roots of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L., var. Blue Mariot), oats ( Avena sativa L., var. California Red), barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat ( Triticum vulgare L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L., var. Belle Patna), cotton ( Gossypium peruvianum Cav.), and yellow nutgrass ( Cyperus esculentus L.) caused more injury than shoot exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure in Johnsongrass, sorghum and peas.
- Taxon
- Johnsongrass
.jpg?width=60)
Sorghum halepensee0 - Treatment
- shoot exposuree0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- slightly more injurye0
- Comparator
- root exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure to Johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense Pers.), sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare Pers., hybrid Amak R-10), and peas ( Pisum sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed exposure caused severe injury in some species but not others.
Verbatim
e0“Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others”
Claim · model-written summary
The charcoal barrier method produced results that disagreed with earlier shoot only injury reports.
Verbatim
e0“The results obtained by this method disagree with published reports which claimed that only shoot exposure to EPTC led to injury”
t0“Root, Shoot, and Seed Exposure”
e1“Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others”
Claim · model-written summary
In vertical barley seed plantings, root exposure always injured plants more than shoot exposure.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- root exposuree0
- Outcome
- injured the plantse0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Comparator
- shoot exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root exposure always injured the plants more than shoot exposure”
e1“barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole plant EPTC exposure caused the most injury in barley, followed by seed only, root and shoot, root, then shoot exposure.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTCe0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- moste0
- Comparator
- exposing only the seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTC caused the most injury to barley followed by exposing only the seeds, a combination of roots and shoots, roots, and shoots in decreasing order of injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Oats showed similar organ exposure results at one inch treated soil depth.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Outcome
- Similar resultse0
- Qualifier
- 1 inche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were obtained with oats when the depth of the treated soil above or below the seed was 1 inch”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.5 inches or greater depth, shoot exposure injured oats more than root exposure.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- shoot exposuree0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- more injurye0
- Qualifier
- 1.5 inches or moree0
- Comparator
- root exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing this depth to 1.5 inches or more resulted in more injury by shoot exposure than root exposure”
e1“with oats when the depth of the treated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Root only exposure in nutrient solutions confirmed the importance of root exposure.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- importance of root exposuree0
- Comparator
- another method of testinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The importance of root exposure was confirmed using another method of testing in which only the roots were exposed to the herbicide in nutrient solutions”
e1“with barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position”
Claim · model-written summary
One ppm EPTC applied to roots inhibited shoot growth in oats, barley, sorghum and corn.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the rootse0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions inhibited shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth was enhanced in some cases after root EPTC exposure.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- EPTCe1
- Outcome
- growth of the rootse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the growth of the roots was enhanced in some cases”
e2“shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn”
e1“Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions”
The same questions in other papers
ethyl · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.