Abstract
Abstract Background and objectives Aromatic rice constitutes a small but a special group of rice varieties, considered as the best in quality. A headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction (HS‐SPME) method, combined with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) assay, was developed to enable the rapid, simple, and reliable quantification of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) in rice. Findings The most effective release of 2AP was obtained using a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber and extracting brown flour or single whole brown grain at 80°C for 30 min. By the optimized protocol, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for 2AP was 1.0 µg/kg of 2AP and 4.0 µg/kg of brown rice flour, respectively. The reproducibility and interday repeatability were <5.00% RSD ( n = 10) and 12.5% RSD ( n = 27), respectively. A good linearity was observed from 5 to 80 ng with a good correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) value of 0.9892. When the method was applied to a collection of aromatic rice germplasm, the 2AP content in 34 entries appeared to be below the limit of detection. The mean 2AP content in the set was 0.45 mg/kg, and the range was from undetectable to 2.73 mg/kg. Most entries contained 0.09–0.46 mg/kg 2AP. Conclusions A rapid 2AP assay of brown flour or single brown whole grain, based on HS‐SPME combined with GC‐MS, was shown to generate reproducible and reliable outputs. When applied to a set of 228 aromatic rice entries, it was able to reveal the existence of substantial variation for 2AP content. Significance and novelty The results of this study produced an accurate, rapid, and highly reproducible assay, which are suitable for the screening of large numbers of samples and the helping of aromatic rice breeding.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber with brown flour or whole brown grain at 80°C for 30 min gave the most effective 2AP release.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- 80°C for 30 mine0
- Outcome
- most effective release of 2APe0
- Comparator
- divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective release of 2AP was obtained using a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber and extracting brown flour or single whole brown grain at 80°C for 30 min.”
e1“quantification of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimized assay had limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 µg/kg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- limit of detection (LOD)e0
- Value
- 1.0 µg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for 2AP was 1.0 µg/kg of 2AP and 4.0 µg/kg of brown rice flour, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimized assay had limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4.0 µg/kg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- limit of quantification (LOQ)e0
- Value
- 4.0 µg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for 2AP was 1.0 µg/kg of 2AP and 4.0 µg/kg of brown rice flour, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Assay reproducibility was <5.00% RSD.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- reproducibilitye0
- Value
- <5.00% RSDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reproducibility and interday repeatability were <5.00% RSD ( n = 10) and 12.5% RSD ( n = 27), respectively.”
e1“quantification of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Assay interday repeatability was 12.5% RSD.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- interday repeatabilitye0
- Value
- 12.5% RSDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reproducibility and interday repeatability were <5.00% RSD ( n = 10) and 12.5% RSD ( n = 27), respectively.”
e1“quantification of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The assay was linear from 5 to 80 ng with R² 0.9892.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- linearitye0
- Value
- 5 to 80 nge0
- Qualifier
- 0.9892e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A good linearity was observed from 5 to 80 ng with a good correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) value of 0.9892.”
e1“quantification of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
2AP was below detection in 34 aromatic rice entries.
Verbatim
e0“2AP content in 34 entries appeared to be below the limit of detection”
e1“aromatic rice germplasm”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean 2AP content was 0.45 mg/kg.
Verbatim
e0“The mean 2AP content in the set was 0.45 mg/kg”
e1“aromatic rice germplasm”
Claim · model-written summary
2AP content ranged from undetectable to 2.73 mg/kg.
Verbatim
e0“the range was from undetectable to 2.73 mg/kg”
e1“aromatic rice germplasm”
Claim · model-written summary
Most entries contained 0.09–0.46 mg/kg 2AP.
Verbatim
e0“Most entries contained 0.09–0.46 mg/kg 2AP”
e1“aromatic rice germplasm”