Abstract
The drying time of pesticides on the leaves and the resistance of the deposits to rain removal are essential for success in controlling plant diseases. Because the fungicide application is performed during the rainy season, it is crucial to study the resistance of chemical deposits on the leaf surface for the control of the coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix. Thus, the present work analyzed the effect of an simulated rain (30 min), after several drying time of the deposits, on the removal of (i) copper oxychloride alone and associated to mineral and the adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether and also (ii) before several drying time, on the removal of the epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin formulation mixed with copper hydroxide and micronutrients applied on coffee leaves, for the control of leaf rust. Around 85% and 45% of the treatments had copper retention > 30% after 120 min and 480 min, respectively, of drying time before the rain. At 480 min, retention of copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil was > 30%, whereas copper oxychloride + adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether at 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively was 40% or higher. When copper oxychloride was added to 0.5% mineral oil at 0.05% to 0.20% of adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether at 480 min of drying time, copper retention was > 30%. When copper oxychloride was added to 0.75% mineral oil, copper retention was > 30% at 0.05% and 0.10 % of adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether. Five of the treatments with copper retention > 50% with 120 min of drying time were reduced to only two (copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil; copper oxychloride + (1.0% mineral oil + 0.1% adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether) with copper retention > 30%, at the drying time of 480 min. All the treatments differed from the control but did not differ between each other for the coffee leaf rust control. The percentage of control ranged from 94.6% to 100% and from 71.3% to 99.5% at 180 min and 480 min of drying time, respectively. Copper retention varied from 32.2% to 55.2% and from 23.7% to 51.5%, at 180 min and 480 min of drying time, respectively, for the best treatments. The treatment with the highest copper retention was copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil, both at 180 min and 480 min of drying time. The best treatments for leaf rust control were not always those with the highest copper retention by the leaves. The highest copper retention by the leaf surface was achieved with copper oxychloride mixed with 0.75% mineral oil; this treatment resulted in > 97% of coffee leaf rust control. Adding adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether to the mixture does not necessarily favor the tenacity and efficiency of the copper oxychloride for the coffee leaf rust control. We concluded that the copper oxychloride acts differently for the coffee leaf rust control, depending on the concentration of added mineral oil and adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether time zero. Pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol alone or mixed with copper hidroxide controlled 100% of the disease after 30 min, 120 min and 480 min of spraying, but when micronutrients was added to pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol and copper hidroxide control of coffee leaf rust reached 100% at drying time of 120 and 480 min.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
About 85% of treatments retained over 30% copper after 120 minutes.
CoffeaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Around 85% and 45% of the treatments had copper retention > 30% after 120 min and 480 min, respectively, of drying time before the rain.”
Claim · model-written summary
About 45% of treatments retained over 30% copper after 480 minutes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Around 85% and 45% of the treatments had copper retention > 30% after 120 min and 480 min, respectively, of drying time before the rain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.75% mineral oil retained over 30% copper after 480 minutes.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oile0
- Outcome
- retention of coppere0
- Value
- > 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 480 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“At 480 min, retention of copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil was > 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.05% adjuvant retained at least 40% copper after 480 minutes.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride + adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether at 0.05%e0
- Outcome
- retention of coppere0
- Value
- 40% or highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“retention of copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil was > 30%, whereas copper oxychloride + adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether at 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively was 40% or higher”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.1% adjuvant retained at least 40% copper after 480 minutes.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride + adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethere0
- Outcome
- retention of coppere0
- Value
- 40% or highere0
- Qualifier
- 0.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“retention of copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil was > 30%, whereas copper oxychloride + adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether at 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively was 40% or higher”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.5% mineral oil and 0.05% to 0.20% adjuvant retained over 30% copper.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride was added to 0.5% mineral oil at 0.05% to 0.20% of adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethere0
- Outcome
- copper retentione0
- Value
- > 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 480 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“When copper oxychloride was added to 0.5% mineral oil at 0.05% to 0.20% of adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether at 480 min of drying time, copper retention was > 30%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.75% mineral oil and 0.05% adjuvant retained over 30% copper.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride was added to 0.75% mineral oile0
- Outcome
- copper retentione0
- Value
- > 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.05%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“When copper oxychloride was added to 0.75% mineral oil, copper retention was > 30% at 0.05% and 0.10 % of adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.75% mineral oil and 0.10% adjuvant retained over 30% copper.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride was added to 0.75% mineral oile0
- Outcome
- copper retentione0
- Value
- > 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.10 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“When copper oxychloride was added to 0.75% mineral oil, copper retention was > 30% at 0.05% and 0.10 % of adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether.”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments controlled coffee leaf rust differently from the control, without differences among treatments.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“All the treatments differed from the control but did not differ between each other for the coffee leaf rust control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf rust control ranged from 94.6% to 100% at 180 minutes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“The percentage of control ranged from 94.6% to 100% and from 71.3% to 99.5% at 180 min and 480 min of drying time, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf rust control ranged from 71.3% to 99.5% at 480 minutes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“The percentage of control ranged from 94.6% to 100% and from 71.3% to 99.5% at 180 min and 480 min of drying time, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper retention among the best treatments ranged from 32.2% to 55.2% at 180 minutes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Copper retention varied from 32.2% to 55.2% and from 23.7% to 51.5%, at 180 min and 480 min of drying time, respectively, for the best treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper retention among the best treatments ranged from 23.7% to 51.5% at 480 minutes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Copper retention varied from 32.2% to 55.2% and from 23.7% to 51.5%, at 180 min and 480 min of drying time, respectively, for the best treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride plus 0.75% mineral oil gave the highest copper retention at 180 and 480 minutes.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oile0
- Outcome
- copper retentione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- both at 180 min and 480 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“The treatment with the highest copper retention was copper oxychloride + 0.75% mineral oil, both at 180 min and 480 min of drying time.”
Claim · model-written summary
The best rust control did not always correspond to highest copper retention.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“The best treatments for leaf rust control were not always those with the highest copper retention by the leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride with 0.75% mineral oil achieved over 97% rust control.
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride mixed with 0.75% mineral oile0
- Outcome
- coffee leaf rust controle0
- Value
- > 97%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“The highest copper retention by the leaf surface was achieved with copper oxychloride mixed with 0.75% mineral oil; this treatment resulted in > 97% of coffee leaf rust control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding adjuvant did not necessarily improve copper oxychloride tenacity or rust control.
- Treatment
- Adding adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethere0
- Outcome
- tenacity and efficiency of the copper oxychloride for the coffee leaf rust controle0
- Comparator
- the mixturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Adding adjuvant polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ether to the mixture does not necessarily favor the tenacity and efficiency of the copper oxychloride for the coffee leaf rust control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin plus epoxiconazol alone controlled 100% of rust at all three drying times.
- Treatment
- Pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol alonee0
- Outcome
- the diseasee0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- after 30 min, 120 min and 480 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol alone or mixed with copper hidroxide controlled 100% of the disease after 30 min, 120 min and 480 min of spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin plus epoxiconazol mixed with copper hydroxide controlled 100% of rust at all three drying times.
- Treatment
- mixed with copper hidroxidee0
- Outcome
- the diseasee0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- after 30 min, 120 min and 480 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“Pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol alone or mixed with copper hidroxide controlled 100% of the disease after 30 min, 120 min and 480 min of spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding micronutrients to the fungicide mixture gave 100% control at 120 and 480 minutes.
- Treatment
- micronutrients was added to pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol and copper hidroxidee0
- Outcome
- control of coffee leaf ruste0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 120 and 480 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffee Leaves”
e0“when micronutrients was added to pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol and copper hidroxide control of coffee leaf rust reached 100% at drying time of 120 and 480 min.”