Abstract
Plastids perform many essential functions in plant metabolism including photosynthesis, synthesis of metabolites, and stress signaling. The most prominent type in green leaves is the chloroplast which contains thylakoids, plastoglobules, and starch. As these structures are closely linked to the metabolism of chloroplasts, changes during plant growth and development and during environmental stress situations are likely to occur. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in size and ultrastructure of chloroplast on cross-sections of leaves during high light stress, Botrytis infection, and dark induced senescence by quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The size of chloroplasts on cross sections of leaves decreased significantly when plants were subject to high light (49%), Botrytis infection (58%), and senescence (71%). The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%). Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplasts decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light (22%), inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (36%), and senescence (51%). This correlated with a massive increase in plastoglobules on cross-sections of chloroplasts of 88%, 2,306% and 19,617%, respectively. Starch contents on cross sections of chloroplasts were completely diminished in all three stress scenarios. These results demonstrate that the decrease in the number and size of chloroplasts is a reliable stress marker in plants during abiotic and biotic stress situations which can be easily detected with a light microscope. Further, lack of starch, the occurrence of large plastoglobules and decrease in thylakoids can also be regarded as reliable stress marker in plants which can be detected by TEM.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast cross sectional size fell 49% under high light.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- high lighte0
- Outcome
- size of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The size of chloroplasts on cross sections of leaves decreased significantly when plants were subject to high light (49%), Botrytis infection (58%), and senescence (71%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast cross sectional size fell 58% under Botrytis infection.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- Botrytis infectione0
- Outcome
- size of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The size of chloroplasts on cross sections of leaves decreased significantly when plants were subject to high light (49%), Botrytis infection (58%), and senescence (71%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast cross sectional size fell 71% under senescence.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- senescencee0
- Outcome
- size of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The size of chloroplasts on cross sections of leaves decreased significantly when plants were subject to high light (49%), Botrytis infection (58%), and senescence (71%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast number in palisade cell layer fell 48% under high light conditions.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- palisade cell layere0
- Treatment
- high light conditionse0
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast number in spongy parenchyma fell 29% under high light conditions.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- spongy parenchymae0
- Treatment
- high light conditionse0
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast number in palisade cell layer fell 48% under infected with Botrytis.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- palisade cell layere0
- Treatment
- infected with Botrytise0
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast number in spongy parenchyma fell 46% under infected with Botrytis.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- spongy parenchymae0
- Treatment
- infected with Botrytise0
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast number in palisade cell layer fell 78% under senescence.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- palisade cell layere0
- Treatment
- senescencee0
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 78%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast number in spongy parenchyma fell 80% under senescence.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- spongy parenchymae0
- Treatment
- senescencee0
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid cross sections fell 22% under high light.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- high lighte0
- Outcome
- Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplasts decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light (22%), inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (36%), and senescence (51%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid cross sections fell 36% under Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- Botrytis cinereae0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplasts decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light (22%), inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (36%), and senescence (51%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid cross sections fell 51% under senescence.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- senescencee0
- Outcome
- Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplasts decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light (22%), inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (36%), and senescence (51%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplast starch contents were completely diminished under all three stresses.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- Starch contents on cross sections of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- completely diminishede0
- Qualifier
- all three stress scenariose0
Verbatim
e0“Starch contents on cross sections of chloroplasts were completely diminished in all three stress scenarios”
e1“when plants were subject to high light (49%), Botrytis infection (58%), and senescence (71%)”
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