Abstract
White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt. This study examines the potential of controlling the disease biologically by using three Trichoderma species, i.e., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, and Trichoderma virens employed either alone or in combination. In in vitro assays, three Trichoderma species, i.e., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, and Trichoderma virens and tebuconazole, were compared for their ability to suppress S. cepivora isolate (Sc8). In greenhouse experiments, the chemical treatment was the most effective, with the lowest incidence of garlic white rot compared with the control. The antagonistic fungi tested either individually or in combination significantly reduced the incidence of white rot on garlic. In general, dual and triple combinations of the fungal isolates were more effective than these isolates used individually. The combination of the three Trichoderma species was the most effective treatment, decreasing disease incidence by 50.0% in 2016/2017 season and 40.0% in 2017/2018 season, respectively. The three Trichoderma species employed alone or in combinations and tebuconazole were evaluated under low and high disease pressures in field trials to determine which situation (s) provided the best control of garlic white rot. Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil) and high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme (dipping of garlic cloves in tebuconazole (1 ml of Folicur 25% l−1 of water) plus spraying garlic stem bases with the same concentration of tebuconazole) gave statistically significant disease control, decreasing disease incidence by 67.7 and 29.4% in 2016/2017 season and 72.6 and 31.1% in 2017/2018 season, respectively. Under low disease pressure, significant control, equal to the fungicide treatment, was achieved with the trip combination of three Trichoderma species. However, Trichoderma species employed alone gave insignificant control of garlic white rot under high disease pressure. The triple combination of three Trichoderma species decreasing disease incidence by 65.6 and 15.5% in 2016/2017 season and 74.2 and 18.6% during 2017/2018 season, under low and high inoculum density, respectively. The activities of defense enzymes, i.e., peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and chitinase due to application of Trichoderma species, were enhanced in garlic plants either grown under low or high disease pressures. Reduction of white rot disease incidence was accompanied by increased growth parameters and bulbs yield of garlic plants grown under field conditions. These results indicated that the performance of three Trichoderma species may be influenced as much by the absolute disease pressure. It was concluded that, at the low disease pressure site, the low level of inoculum and disease incidence enabled three Trichoderma species to bring about disease control.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse experiments the chemical treatment gave the lowest garlic white rot incidence compared with the control.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativume1 - Treatment
- chemical treatmente1
- Interactor
- Stromatinia cepivoraStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence of garlic white rote1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e1“In greenhouse experiments, the chemical treatment was the most effective, with the lowest incidence of garlic white rot compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma species tested individually or in combination significantly reduced white rot incidence on garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume2
- Treatment
- antagonistic fungi tested either individually or in combinatione2
- Interactor
- Stromatinia cepivoraStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- antagonistic fungie2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- incidence of white rote2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e2“The antagonistic fungi tested either individually or in combination significantly reduced the incidence of white rot on garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual and triple combinations of the fungal isolates were more effective than the isolates used individually.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- dual and triple combinations of the fungal isolatese3
- Outcome
- effectivee3
- Direction
- more effectivee3
- Comparator
- these isolates used individuallye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e3“In general, dual and triple combinations of the fungal isolates were more effective than these isolates used individually”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-Trichoderma combination decreased garlic white rot incidence by 50.0% in the 2016/2017 season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- combination of the three Trichoderma speciese4
- Interactor
- Trichoderma species
Trichodermae4biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease incidencee4
- Direction
- decreasinge4
- Value
- 50.0%e4
- Qualifier
- in 2016/2017 seasone4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e4“The combination of the three Trichoderma species was the most effective treatment, decreasing disease incidence by 50.0% in 2016/2017 season and 40.0% in 2017/2018 season, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-Trichoderma combination decreased garlic white rot incidence by 40.0% in the 2017/2018 season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- combination of the three Trichoderma speciese4
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee4
- Direction
- decreasinge4
- Value
- 40.0%e4
- Qualifier
- in 2017/2018 seasone4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e4“The combination of the three Trichoderma species was the most effective treatment, decreasing disease incidence by 50.0% in 2016/2017 season and 40.0% in 2017/2018 season, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme decreased garlic white rot incidence by 67.7% in the 2016/2017 season, a statistically significant control.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- the standard fungicide programmee5
- Interactor
- Stromatinia cepivoraStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 67.7e5
- Qualifier
- Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil)e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e5“Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil) and high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme (dipping of garlic cloves in tebuconazole (1 ml of Folicur 25% l−1 of water) plus spraying garlic stem bases with the same concentration of tebuconazole) gave statistically significant disease control, decreasing disease incidence by 67.7 and 29.4% in 2016/2017 season and 72.6 and 31.1% in 2017/2018 season, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme decreased garlic white rot incidence by 29.4% in the 2016/2017 season, a statistically significant control.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- the standard fungicide programmee5
- Interactor
- Stromatinia cepivoraStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 29.4e5
- Qualifier
- high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum densitye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e5“Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil) and high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme (dipping of garlic cloves in tebuconazole (1 ml of Folicur 25% l−1 of water) plus spraying garlic stem bases with the same concentration of tebuconazole) gave statistically significant disease control, decreasing disease incidence by 67.7 and 29.4% in 2016/2017 season and 72.6 and 31.1% in 2017/2018 season, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme decreased garlic white rot incidence by 72.6% in the 2017/2018 season, a statistically significant control.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- the standard fungicide programmee5
- Interactor
- Stromatinia cepivoraStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 72.6e5
- Qualifier
- Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil)e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e5“Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil) and high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme (dipping of garlic cloves in tebuconazole (1 ml of Folicur 25% l−1 of water) plus spraying garlic stem bases with the same concentration of tebuconazole) gave statistically significant disease control, decreasing disease incidence by 67.7 and 29.4% in 2016/2017 season and 72.6 and 31.1% in 2017/2018 season, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme decreased garlic white rot incidence by 31.1% in the 2017/2018 season, a statistically significant control.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- the standard fungicide programmee5
- Interactor
- Stromatinia cepivoraStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee5
- Direction
- decreasinge5
- Value
- 31.1e5
- Qualifier
- high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum densitye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e5“Under low (40 sclerotia/kg of soil) and high (600 sclerotia/kg of soil) inoculum density, the standard fungicide programme (dipping of garlic cloves in tebuconazole (1 ml of Folicur 25% l−1 of water) plus spraying garlic stem bases with the same concentration of tebuconazole) gave statistically significant disease control, decreasing disease incidence by 67.7 and 29.4% in 2016/2017 season and 72.6 and 31.1% in 2017/2018 season, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low inoculum density, the triple Trichoderma combination decreased garlic white rot incidence by 65.6% in the 2016/2017 season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- The triple combination of three Trichoderma speciese1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 65.6e1
- Qualifier
- under low and high inoculum density, respectivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e1“The triple combination of three Trichoderma species decreasing disease incidence by 65.6 and 15.5% in 2016/2017 season and 74.2 and 18.6% during 2017/2018 season, under low and high inoculum density, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high inoculum density, the triple Trichoderma combination decreased garlic white rot incidence by 15.5% in the 2016/2017 season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- The triple combination of three Trichoderma speciese1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 15.5e1
- Qualifier
- under low and high inoculum density, respectivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e1“The triple combination of three Trichoderma species decreasing disease incidence by 65.6 and 15.5% in 2016/2017 season and 74.2 and 18.6% during 2017/2018 season, under low and high inoculum density, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low inoculum density, the triple Trichoderma combination decreased garlic white rot incidence by 74.2% in the 2017/2018 season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- The triple combination of three Trichoderma speciese1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 74.2e1
- Qualifier
- under low and high inoculum density, respectivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e1“The triple combination of three Trichoderma species decreasing disease incidence by 65.6 and 15.5% in 2016/2017 season and 74.2 and 18.6% during 2017/2018 season, under low and high inoculum density, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high inoculum density, the triple Trichoderma combination decreased garlic white rot incidence by 18.6% in the 2017/2018 season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- The triple combination of three Trichoderma speciese1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 18.6e1
- Qualifier
- under low and high inoculum density, respectivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e1“The triple combination of three Trichoderma species decreasing disease incidence by 65.6 and 15.5% in 2016/2017 season and 74.2 and 18.6% during 2017/2018 season, under low and high inoculum density, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma species employed alone gave insignificant control of garlic white rot under high disease pressure.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma species employed alonee7
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- control of garlic white rote7
- Direction
- insignificante7
- Qualifier
- under high disease pressuree7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e7“However, Trichoderma species employed alone gave insignificant control of garlic white rot under high disease pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low disease pressure, the triple Trichoderma combination gave significant control equal to the fungicide treatment.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- trip combination of three Trichoderma speciese6
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- significant controle6
- Direction
- equale6
- Qualifier
- Under low disease pressuree6
- Comparator
- the fungicide treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e6“Under low disease pressure, significant control, equal to the fungicide treatment, was achieved with the trip combination of three Trichoderma species”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma species application enhanced the activities of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase in garlic plants under low or high disease pressure.
- Taxon
- garlic plantsAllium sativume2
- Treatment
- application of Trichoderma speciese2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae2biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and chitinasee2
- Outcome
- activities of defense enzymese2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- either grown under low or high disease pressurese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The activities of defense enzymes, i.e., peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and chitinase due to application of Trichoderma species, were enhanced in garlic plants either grown under low or high disease pressures”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduction of white rot incidence was associated with increased growth parameters and bulb yield of garlic plants grown in field conditions.
- Taxon
- garlic plantsAllium sativume3
- Treatment
- Reduction of white rot disease incidencee3
- Outcome
- growth parameters and bulbs yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- grown under field conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Reduction of white rot disease incidence was accompanied by increased growth parameters and bulbs yield of garlic plants grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The performance of the three Trichoderma species may be influenced as much by the absolute disease pressure.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Treatment
- absolute disease pressuree4
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- performance of three Trichoderma speciese4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White rot, a garlic disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel, is a serious problem of garlic productions in Egypt”
e4“These results indicated that the performance of three Trichoderma species may be influenced as much by the absolute disease pressure”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · Stromatinia cepivora · Allium sativum (garlic)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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- positive
- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.