Abstract
Hypocotyl growth during seedling emergence is a crucial developmental transition influenced by light and phytohormones such as ethylene. Ethylene and light antagonistically control hypocotyl growth in either continuous light or darkness. However, how ethylene and light regulate hypocotyl growth, including seedling emergence, during the dark-to-light transition remains elusive. Here, we show that ethylene and light cooperatively stimulate a transient increase in hypocotyl growth during the dark-to-light transition via the light-mediated stabilization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACSs), the rate-limiting enzymes in ethylene biosynthesis. We found that, in contrast to the known inhibitory role of light in hypocotyl growth, light treatment transiently increases hypocotyl growth in wild-type etiolated seedlings. Moreover, ACC, the direct precursor of ethylene, accentuates the effects of light on hypocotyl elongation during the dark-to-light transition. We determined that light leads to the transient elongation of hypocotyls by stabilizing the ACS5 protein during the dark-to-light transition. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of an ACS5 mutant protein bearing an alteration in the C-terminus indicated that light stabilizes ACS5 by inhibiting the degradation mechanism that acts through the C-terminus of ACS5. Our study reveals that plants regulate hypocotyl elongation during seedling establishment by coordinating light-induced ethylene biosynthesis at the post-translational level. Moreover, the stimulatory role of light on hypocotyl growth during the dark-to-light transition provides additional insights into the known inhibitory role of light in hypocotyl development.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene and light jointly stimulate a transient hypocotyl growth increase during dark-to-light transition.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis seedlingst0
- Treatment
- ethylene and lighte0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl growthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- dark-to-light transitione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis seedlings”
e0“ethylene and light cooperatively stimulate a transient increase in hypocotyl growth during the dark-to-light transition”
Claim · model-written summary
Light treatment transiently increases hypocotyl growth in wild-type etiolated seedlings.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis seedlingst0
- Material
- wild-type etiolated seedlingse0
- Treatment
- light treatmente0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl growthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis seedlings”
e0“light treatment transiently increases hypocotyl growth in wild-type etiolated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC accentuates the light effect on hypocotyl elongation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis seedlingst0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- accentuatese0
- Qualifier
- dark-to-light transitione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis seedlings”
e0“ACC, the direct precursor of ethylene, accentuates the effects of light on hypocotyl elongation during the dark-to-light transition”
Claim · model-written summary
Light stabilizes ACS5 during the transition, yielding transient hypocotyl elongation.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis seedlings”
e0“light leads to the transient elongation of hypocotyls by stabilizing the ACS5 protein during the dark-to-light transition”
Claim · model-written summary
Light inhibits the C-terminus degradation mechanism to stabilize ACS5.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis seedlings”
e0“light stabilizes ACS5 by inhibiting the degradation mechanism that acts through the C-terminus of ACS5”
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