Abstract
Core Ideas Captan and difenoconazole compromise in vitro survival of Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899. In the field, native rhizobia were clearly tolerant to most of the fungicides evaluated. Among the fungicide treatments assessed in the field, only difenoconazole is potentially damaging. When difenoconazole treatment is indispensable, in‐furrow inoculation may be the most alternative. Due to the effects observed in vitro, similar precautions should also be taken with captan in the field. Though some studies observed negative effects of fungicide seed treatment on yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), few studies have directly evaluated fungicide compatibility with seed inoculation treatments in field conditions. For fungicides that are incompatible, rhizobia inoculation in the planting furrow (in‐furrow inoculation) would permit combined use of both management practices since this would avoid direct contact between the chemical compound and the rhizobia. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of seed fungicide treatment and rhizobia inoculation techniques to improve N derived from rhizobia symbiosis in common bean. A preliminary in vitro experiment evaluated the survival of Rhizobium tropici after contact with fungicides compared with an untreated control. Two field experiments were conducted in a 6 × 4 factorial arrangement involving the same treatments used for the in vitro survival test, as well as four sources of N [two types of liquid inoculation (inoculation on the seed or in‐furrow inoculation), plus two controls without inoculation]. We concluded that captan and difenoconazole fungicides reduced in vitro survival of rhizobia inoculated on the seed. Yield measurements in the field studies indicated that symbiotic nitrogen fixation could replace N fertilization, regardless of the inoculation treatment method and environmental conditions. Difenoconazole is potentially harmful to native bacteria in the field; therefore, in‐furrow inoculation may be recommended when the use of difenoconazole is necessary. Moreover, based on the harmful effects observed in vitro, precautions similar to the use of difenoconazole should also be taken when using captan fungicide in field conditions.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Captan and difenoconazole fungicides reduced in vitro survival of Rhizobium tropici inoculated on the seed.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Treatment
- captan and difenoconazole fungicidese3
- Interactor
- Rhizobium tropici
Martinezella tropicie2symbiont - Outcome
- in vitro survival of rhizobiae3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e2“A preliminary in vitro experiment evaluated the survival of Rhizobium tropici after contact with fungicides compared with an untreated control”
e3“We concluded that captan and difenoconazole fungicides reduced in vitro survival of rhizobia inoculated on the seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation could replace N fertilization in common bean field studies regardless of inoculation method and environmental conditions.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- symbiotic nitrogen fixation could replace N fertilizatione4
- Qualifier
- regardless of the inoculation treatment method and environmental conditionse4
- Setting
- field studiese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e4“Yield measurements in the field studies indicated that symbiotic nitrogen fixation could replace N fertilization, regardless of the inoculation treatment method and environmental conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole is potentially harmful to native bacteria in the field.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee5
- Interactor
- native bacteriae5symbiont
- Outcome
- native bacteriae5
- Direction
- harmfule5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e5“Difenoconazole is potentially harmful to native bacteria in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Native rhizobia were clearly tolerant to most of the fungicides evaluated in the field.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- fungicidese7
- Interactor
- native rhizobiae7symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerant to most of the fungicides evaluatede7
- Setting
- In the fielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e7“In the field, native rhizobia were clearly tolerant to most of the fungicides evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
In-furrow inoculation may be recommended when difenoconazole use is necessary.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee5
- Outcome
- may be recommended when the use of difenoconazole is necessarye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e5“in‐furrow inoculation may be recommended when the use of difenoconazole is necessary”
Claim · model-written summary
Precautions similar to those for difenoconazole should be taken when using captan fungicide in field conditions.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- captan fungicidee6
- Outcome
- precautions similar to the use of difenoconazole should also be takene6
- Setting
- field conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“yield of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
e6“precautions similar to the use of difenoconazole should also be taken when using captan fungicide in field conditions”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · Martinezella tropici · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.